王子溪層
王子溪層 地层年代: | |
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![]() 王子溪層位置(紅點處) | |
类型 | 層 |
属于 | 柯爾維爾群 |
包含 | 可卡科-提古斯科採石場、科戈蘇克魯克岩舌、海洋點、柯爾維爾河濱 |
上覆 | 伊維沙克層 |
下伏 | 施拉德峭壁層 |
岩性 | |
主要 | 砂岩、泥岩[1] |
次要 | 粉砂岩、炭質頁岩、火山灰[1] |
地点 | |
经纬度 | 70°00′N 151°30′W / 70.0°N 151.5°W |
地区 | ![]() |
国家 | ![]() |
王子溪層(英文:Prince Creek Formation)為位於美國阿拉斯加的地層組,地層年代為晚白堊世的坎帕期至馬斯垂克期,以及古新世,主要發現的化石物種多屬於恐龍總目[2]。
地層年代
[编辑]王子溪層的地層年代為8,000萬至6,170萬年前,不過幾乎所有恐龍的化石均集中發現於王子溪層中的可卡科-提古斯科採石場(Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry),該地區的地層年代約為7,060萬至6,910萬年前的早馬斯垂克期[3][4]。較古老的科戈蘇克魯克岩舌(Kogosukruk Tongue),則屬於坎帕期晚期,約7,200萬至7,100萬年前[5]。海洋點(Ocean Point)則屬於較年輕的地層,年代可追朔至古新世,由該地介形綱及軟體動物化石推測時間約為達寧期晚期[6]。柯爾維爾河濱(Coleville River Bluff)所處年代與可卡科-提古斯科採石場進近似,約為坎帕期晚期至馬斯垂克期中晚期,主要發現的化石多屬於花粉化石[7]。
棲息環境
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Liscomb_Bonebed_hadrosaurids.png/220px-Liscomb_Bonebed_hadrosaurids.png)
王子溪層所處的地層年代當時受到溫室效應的影響,具有明顯的暖化。該地區主要由沖積沉積物組成,屬於泥質的海岸平原,由當地出產的石膏及黃鐵礦可得知當時這裡具有十分豐沛的水源。這邊也出產了大量的溝鞭藻囊孢、藻類、菌絲、蕨類與苔蘚的孢子、以及樹木、灌木、草本植物的花粉等,推測當時的王子溪層是被大量的植披所覆蓋,屬於地表未被冰層覆蓋的寒帶林地,棲息著大量的恐龍以及被子植物。當時的全年平均溫度為5至6 °C(41至43 °F),較寒冷的月份為2至4 °C(36至39 °F),較溫暖的月份則為10至12 °C(50至54 °F),年平均降水為500至1,500毫米(20至59英寸)[1]。王子溪層的古緯度約為北緯80°–85°,位於北極圈內,一年於冬天時會有約120天的極夜[8]。
古動物群
[编辑]恐龍總目
[编辑]獸腳亞目
[编辑]色鍵
|
註釋 不確定或暫定的分類單元以小字體展示; |
王子溪層的獸腳亞目 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
屬 | 種 | 地層位置 | 圖片 | ||
馳龍屬 Dromaeosaurus[9][10] | 亞伯達馳龍相似種 D. cf albertensis[9][10] |
利斯科姆採石場[9]、可卡科-提古斯科採石場[9]、拜爾斯層[9] | ![]() | ||
G. vegrandiunis[11] |
|||||
似鳥龍類未定屬 Ornithomimosauria indet.[12] | 未定種[12] | 老骨頭沙灘(Old Bone Beach) | |||
蜥鳥盜龍亞科未定屬 Saurornitholestinae indet.[13] | 未定種 | 佩迪奧米斯點(Pediomys Point)、利斯科姆採石場[13] | ![]() | ||
白熊龍屬 Nanuqsaurus[3] | 霍氏白熊龍 N. hoglundi[3] |
可卡科-提古斯科採石場[3] | ![]() | ||
蜥鳥盜龍屬 Saurornitholestes[9][10] | 藍斯頓氏蜥鳥盜龍近似種 S. cf. langstoni[9][10] |
老骨頭沙灘[9] | ![]() | ||
未定種[3] |
可卡科-提古斯科採石場[3]、利斯科姆採石場[9]、拜爾斯層[9]、魔法神秘壩(Magical Mystery Bar)[14] |
||||
暴龍科未定屬[9] | 未定種[9] | 利斯科姆採石場[9]、可卡科-提古斯科採石場[9]、拜爾斯層[9] |
鳥臀目
[编辑]色鍵
|
註釋 不確定或暫定的分類單元以小字體展示; |
王子溪層的鳥臀目 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
屬 | 種 | 發現地點 | 圖片 | ||
阿拉斯加頭龍屬 Alaskacephale[15] | 甘氏阿拉斯加頭龍 A. gangloffi[15] |
科戈蘇克魯克岩舌[16] | ![]() | ||
厚鼻龍屬 Pachyrhinosaurus[4][17] | 佩氏厚鼻龍 P. perotorum[4][17] |
可卡科-提古斯科採石場[4] | ![]() | ||
奇異龍亞科未定屬 Thescelosaurinae indet.[18] | 未定種 | ![]() | |||
纖角龍科未定屬 Leptoceratopsidae indet.[8] | 未定種 | ||||
埃德蒙頓龍屬 Edmontosaurus[19] | 未定種[19] | 利斯科姆骨層[19]、可卡科-提古斯科採石場[4] | ![]() | ||
賴氏龍亞科未定屬 Lambeosaurinae indet.[20] | 未定種 | 利斯科姆骨層 | |||
鳥腳亞目未定屬 Ornithopoda indet.[18] | 未定種[18] |
哺乳動物
[编辑]王子溪層的哺乳動物 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
屬 | 種 | 發現地點 | 圖片 | |||
白惡齒獸屬 Cimolodon[21] | 光亮白惡齒獸近似種 C. cf. nitidus | |||||
Gypsonictops[21] | 未定種 | |||||
多瘤齒獸目未定屬 Multituberculata indet.[21] | 未定種 | |||||
有袋類未定屬 Marsupialia indet.[21] | 未定種 | |||||
Sikuomys[22] | S. mikros | 柯爾維爾河下游 | ||||
Unnuakomys[23] | U. hutchisoni | 佩迪奧米斯點 |
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Flaig, P.P.; McCarthy, P.J.; Fiorillo, A.R. Anatomy, Evolution, and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of an Ancient Arctic Coastal Plain: Integrated Paleopedology and Palynology from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska, USA. Driese, S.G.; Nordt, L.C. (编). New Frontiers in Paleopedology and Terrestrial Paleoclimatology: Paleosols and Soil Surface Analog Systems 104. 2013: 179–230. ISBN 9781565763227. doi:10.2110/sepmsp.104.14.
|journal=
被忽略 (帮助) - ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. Dodson, Peter , 编. A Diminutive New Tyrannosaur from the Top of the World. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e91287. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991287F. PMC 3951350
. PMID 24621577. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091287
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- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S.T. A new species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope (Prince Creek Formation: Maastrichtian) of Alaska. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2012, 57 (3): 561–573. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0033
.
- ^ Gangloff, R.A.; Fiorillo, A.R.; Norton, D.W. The First Pachycephalosaurine (Dinosauria) from the Paleo-Arctic of Alaska and its Paleogeographic Implications. Journal of Paleontology. 2005, 79 (5): 997–1001. S2CID 130669713. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0997:tfpdft]2.0.co;2.
- ^ Marincovich, L.; Brouwers, E. M.; Carter, L. D. Early Tertiary marine fossils from northern Alaska: Implications for Arctic Ocean paleogeography and faunal evolution. Geology. 1985, 13 (11): 770. Bibcode:1985Geo....13..770M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<770:ETMFFN>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Flores, R.M.; Myers, M.D.; Houseknecht, D.W.; Stricker, G.D.; Brizzolara, D.W.; Ryherd, T.J.; Takahashi, K.I. Stratigraphy and Facies of Cretaceous Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations in Colville River Bluffs, North Slope, Alaska (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 2007, 1748: 52 [2023-12-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-11-17).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Brinkman, Donald; Brown, Caleb M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs. Current Biology. June 2021, 31 (16): 3469–3478.e5. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34171301. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041
(English).
- ^ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 Fiorillo, A.R.; Gangloff, R.A. Theropod Teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of Northern Alaska, with Speculations on Arctic Dinosaur Paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2000, 20 (4): 675–682. S2CID 130766946. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0675:ttftpc]2.0.co;2.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "3.33 Alaska, United States; 3. Prince Creek Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 587.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Fiorillo, A. R.; Hasiotis, S. T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Breithaupt, B. H.; McCarthy, P. J. Bird tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Cantwell Formation of Denali National Park, Alaska, USA: a new perspective on ancient northern polar vertebrate biodiversity. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2011, 9 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.509356.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Watanabe, Akinobu; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. An ornithomimosaurian from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation of Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013-09-01, 33 (5): 1169–1175. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130049294. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.770750.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Chiarenza, A. A.; Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S.; McCarthy, P. J.; Flaig, P. P.; Contreras, D. L. The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska. PLOS ONE. 2020, 15 (7): e0235078. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1535078C. PMC 7343144
. PMID 32639990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235078
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- ^ Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S.; Currie, P.J.; Mccarthy, P.J.; Flaig, P. Description of two partial Troodon braincases from the Prince Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), North Slope Alaska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009, 29 (1): 178–187. S2CID 197535475. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010370.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sullivan, R.M. A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 347–365.
- ^ Spicer, R.A.; Parrish, J.T. Plant Megafossils, Vertebrate Remains, and Paleoclimate of the Kogosukruk Tongue (Late Cretaceous), North Slope, Alaska. Hamilton, Thomas D.; Galloway, John P. (编). Geologic Studies in Alaska. 1987: 47–48.
|journal=
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被忽略 (帮助) - ^ 17.0 17.1 Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S. Farke, Andrew A. , 编. An Immature Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) Nasal Reveals Unexpected Complexity of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Integument in Pachyrhinosaurus. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (6): e65802. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865802F. PMC 3686821
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.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Brown, C.M.; Druckenmiller, P. Basal ornithopod (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (early Maastrichtian) of Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2011, 48 (9): 1342–1354. Bibcode:2011CaJES..48.1342B. doi:10.1139/e11-017.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Re-examination of the cranial osteology of the Arctic Alaskan hadrosaurine with implications for its taxonomic status (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Ryuji Takasaki, Anthony R. Fiorillo, Ronald S. Tykoski, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi.
- ^ McCarthy, Paul J.; Tykoski, Ronald S.; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Takasaki, Ryuji. The First Definite Lambeosaurine Bone From the Liscomb Bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, United States. Scientific Reports. 2019-03-29, 9 (1): 5384. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5384T. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6440964
. PMID 30926823. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41325-8 (英语).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Thurston, D.K.; Fujita, K. 1992 Proceedings, International Conference on Arctic Margins. Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region. 1994. ISBN 978-1125448038.
- ^ Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Clemens, William A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. A new tiny eutherian from the Late Cretaceous of Alaska. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2023-01-01, 21 (1) [2023-12-11]. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 260668330. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2232359. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20) (英语).
- ^ Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Clemens, William A.; McCarthy, Paul J.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. Northernmost record of the Metatheria: a new Late Cretaceous pediomyid from the North Slope of Alaska. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2019-02-14, 17 (21): 1805–1824. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 92613824. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1560369.
參考書目
[编辑]- Flaig, P.P. Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous (Maaastrichtian) Dinosaur-Bearing Prince Creek Formation: Colville River Region, North Slope, Alaska. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertations, the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. 2010: 311.
- Flaig, P.P.; McCarthy, P.J.; Fiorillo, A.R. A Tidally-Influenced, High-Latitude Coastal-Plain: the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska. Stephanie K. Davidson; Sophie Leleu; Colin P. North (编). From River to Rock Record: The Preservation of Fluvial Sediments and their Subsequent Interpretation 97. Society for Sedimentary Geology. 2011: 233–264. ISBN 9781565763074. doi:10.2110/sepmsp.097.233.
- Flaig, P.P.; Fiorillo, A.R.; McCarthy, P.J. Dinosaur-bearing hyperconcentrated flows of Cretaceous Arctic Alaska—Recurring catastrophic event beds on a distal paleopolar coastal plain. PALAIOS. 2014, 29 (11): 594–611. Bibcode:2014Palai..29..594F. S2CID 128713816. doi:10.2110/palo.2013.133.
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.