第二次義大利衣索比亞戰爭
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第二次意大利埃塞俄比亚战争 | |||||||||
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意大利埃塞俄比亚战争的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
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兵力 | |||||||||
约500,000名兵员(约20%为临时征召兵员) 约595架飞机[2] 约795辆坦克[2] |
约800,000名兵员(约40%为临时征召兵员) 约13架飞机 约11辆坦克 | ||||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
10,000人阵亡1 (1936年5月估计)[3] 44,000人负伤(1936年5月估计)[4] 9,555人阵亡2 (1936年–1940年估计)[5] 144,000人非战斗减员或负伤 (1936年–1940年估计)[6] 总计: 至多20,000人阵亡,188,000人非战斗减员或负伤 |
约275,000人阵亡 约500,000人负伤 总计:至多775,000人伤亡 [注 1] | ||||||||
1 意大利方面估计;[3] 2 以1940年前6个月的估计作为基础;综合了非洲方面的数据。[5] |
战间期 |
二战导火線 |
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第二次意大利埃塞俄比亚战争是由義大利于1935年10月3日发起的入侵埃塞俄比亚的军事行动。義大利以1934年12月一次意属索马里与埃塞俄比亚的边界冲突为借口,拒绝衣索比亞的所有和解请求,大举入侵埃塞俄比亚。战争一共进行了約7个月,以埃塞俄比亚被军事占领及并入意属东非告终。[8][9]
由于意大利相对拥有明显的军事优势,并且违反於1925年签署的《日内瓦协议》使用芥子毒气[10],埃塞俄比亚军队迅速溃败,首都亚的斯亚贝巴于1936年5月5日被意大利军队占领,皇帝海尔·塞拉西一世流亡英国,5月7日意大利国王维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世宣布吞并埃塞俄比亚帝国使之成为義大利王國的一部分。
起因
[编辑]1922年墨索里尼上台後希望擴張領土,獨霸地中海,重新瓜分東非和北非的英、法殖民地。1929年的大蕭條嚴重衝擊了意大利,墨索裡尼斷定殖民地擴張是減輕國內經濟壓力所必需的办法,進而走向了擴張的道路。首先他希望先吞併阿比西尼亞,但想達到目的,必先得到英、法默許。英、法最終對義大利的行為採取綏靖政策,使意大利得以成功侵占埃塞俄比亚。
法國當時急於拉攏意大利對抗德國,對侵略計畫採取縱容的態度,1935年1月7日墨索里尼與法國外長皮埃爾·賴伐爾簽署了《意法協定》。而英國則擔心意大利此舉可能動搖其在東非、埃及和蘇丹的統治,所以起初持反對態度。但最後英國認為和意大利開戰的風險太大並認為犧牲阿比西尼亞可以令墨索里尼不和德國結盟,最終給意大利暗示,不會干預侵略行動。
墨索里尼認為時機已成熟,便於1935年10月3日發動了侵略戰爭。
經過
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg/220px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_Ethiopia_WW2.jpg/220px-Map_Ethiopia_WW2.jpg)
義大利入侵獨立的非洲王國阿比西尼亞,以东北非意军总司令E.德博诺将军为总指挥,分北、中、南三路进攻埃塞俄比亚,其中北路军为主力。同年11月16日由P.巴多利奥接任元帅。埃军总数约450,000人—500,000人。雖然已經不如第一次入侵時輝煌,但是衣索比亞軍的人數仍然具有規模,對保衛國家的意志與傳統仍然相當堅決,比起其他非洲國家仍然有不錯的軍事實力,並不像坊間謠傳的一樣落後;但開戰後,埃军仍然無力阻擋裝備與素質相對先進精良的意大利部隊。5月5日意军攻陷埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴,9日墨索里尼宣布将埃塞俄比亚领土并入意大利王国。
結果
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg/220px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg.png)
1936年5月在經過一場長達7個月的戰役之後,阿比西尼亞被征服,皇帝海尔·塞拉西一世被迫流亡英國。英法操縱國聯對意經濟制裁,但拒絕實施兩項重要措施,即禁運石油和封鎖蘇伊士運河。
影響
[编辑]埃塞俄比亞被意大利佔領,至1941年,埃塞俄比亞和盟軍共同擊敗了意大利侵略軍,埃塞俄比亞才恢复獨立。
备注
[编辑]- ^ Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them, battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 75,000, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.[7] Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
注释
[编辑]- ^ 5月5日埃塞俄比亚首都沦陷,但抵抗运动仍持续了数年。双方正规军最后一次战斗发生在1937年2月19日。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Barker, A. J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 20
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Alberto Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–1940", in ed. Harold G. Marcus, Ethiopianist Notes, vol. II, No. 2, p.37.
- ^ Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.36.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.43.
- ^ Sbacchi, "The Price of Empire", p.38.
- ^ Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965)
- ^ andry. Second Italo - Abyssinian War 1935-1936. WAR CHAT- War News and History. [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-27) (英语).
- ^ Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1935-1936. OnWar.com. [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2010-02-06) (英语).
- ^ Bernard Bridel. Les ambulances à Croix-Rouge du CICR sous les gaz en Ethiopie. Le Temps. 2003-08-13 [2008-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-07-19) (法语).
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