人巨细胞病毒 (英語:Human cytomegalovirus ,HCMV )或称人类疱疹病毒第五型 (英語:Human betaherpesvirus 5 ,HHV-5 ),属于β疱疹病毒亚科,是巨细胞病毒 (CMV)中以人类为宿主的一种DNA病毒 。[ 2] HCMV因其细胞病变效应而得名,感染后可引发核周 和细胞质 包涵体的产生以及细胞肿胀。在人类疱疹病毒(HHV)中,HCMV具有最大的基因组长度,约240kbp。[ 3] 尽管HCMV的增殖周期较慢,它的基因表达调控类似于α疱疹病毒,会产生IE、E和L等基因产物 呈序列性出现。[ 4] 若基于病毒的基因组或表型进行分析,HCMV中可含有无数独特的毒株。利用限制性酶切分析 ,可从流行病学角度上区分亚型。在实验室环境中培养的毒株一般会损失10-15kbp的基因,因此对病毒屈性有一定限制作用。[ 2]
HCMV属于疱疹病毒中的一种,是现今被发现的最大的DNA病毒和蛋白嵌合体,蛋白种类繁多。[ 5] 1956年,HCMV病毒首次从人体样本中分离而出。[ 6] [ 7] 其DNA由线状双链分子组成,长度可达240kbp。其病毒颗粒一般直径为150-200nm,有单层或双层的类脂蛋白套膜。[ 3] [ 8] 在脂质层外有多种糖蛋白,负责对宿主细胞的粘附与入侵。[ 9] HCMV病毒至少具有165种编码蛋白,不同的毒株内可能会有更多开放阅读框。[ 10] [ 11] 这些编码蛋白绝大部分是高度保守的,分布在病毒的衣壳、被膜以及包膜中。[ 12] 其基因表达因而非常复杂,其中包括蛋白转录、非编码RNA和asRNA的多腺苷酸化等,且现有研究对HCMV绝大多数转录本的功能依旧不了解。[ 13]
受HCMV感染的细胞种类包括成纤维细胞 、内皮细胞 、上皮细胞 和髓细胞 ,不同的细胞种类决定了HCMV进入宿主细胞是基于膜融合或pH介导的胞吞作用 。[ 14] [ 15] 其中,膜融合适用于成纤维细胞,这一过程由gH/gL/gO蛋白复合体介导。另一种方式则常见于内皮及上皮细胞,需要利用一种由gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131组成的五聚体来介导。[ 16] [ 17]
HCMV属于一种流行普遍的病毒,但它具有种属特异性,只会感染人类群体。[ 18] HCMV的主要宿主细胞是人类血管内皮细胞 以及白细胞 ,但只有在前者中会呈现独特的细胞核包涵体,一般会俗称为“猫头鹰眼睛”。[ 2] [ 19] 在全世界范围内有至少50%以上的人群体内存在相应的抗体,一些较落后地区的感染率更高。[ 2] 受HCMV感染后的主要特征是会抑制宿主的免疫应答 ,这导致它成为艾滋病人最常具有的伺机性感染。[ 20] [ 21]
对HCMV的传播模式至今没有准确的定论,现今的共识为它可通过感染者的体液进行传染,包括常规的体液交换、性行为、输血以及器官移植等多种方式。[ 22] [ 23]
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Human herpesvirus 5 Human betaherpesvirus 5