桑科

桑科; 化石时期：80–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 白垩纪 - 現代
	無花果樹(Ficus carica)
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：	蔷薇目 Rosales
科：	桑科 Moraceae; Gaudich., 1835
模式属
	桑屬; Morus; L., 1753
族
	桂木族 Artocarpeae; 桑族 Moreae; 桑橙族 Maclureae; 琉桑族 Dorstenieae; 無花果族 Ficeae; 巴拿馬橡膠樹族 Castilleae; 苞桂木族 Parartocarpeae;

桑科（学名：Moraceae）是真双子叶植物蔷薇目的一科，包括40个属，超过一千种，广泛分布在热带和亚热带地区，只有少数种能生活在温带地区，中国有16属约160余种。

形态[编辑]

本科植物为：

落叶或常绿灌木或乔木，有时藤本，組織中具有乳状液汁。
叶互生或对生，全缘或分裂，托叶早落。
花小，单性同株或异株，常密集成头状、穗状或柔荑状花序，或生于一中空的花序托内面，花被片通常4枚，雄蕊和花被片同数，对生，子房上位或下位，一或两室，每室有胚珠一个。
果實各式，或为各自分离的瘦果，如大麻；或為由多数聚生心皮组成的复果，有桑树；或为一种复果，包藏于一肉质、囊状的花托内，如无花果树。

分類[编辑]

桂木族（Artocarpeae）^[2]

桂木屬 Artocarpus - 麵包樹、菠蘿蜜
荔枝桑属 Batocarpus
无被桑属 Clarisia ，克拉桑屬
陷毛桑属 Prainea
非洲面包桑属 Treculia

巴拿馬橡膠樹族（Castilleae）^[3]

見血封喉屬 Antiaris
类见血封喉属 Antiaropsis
巴拿馬橡膠樹屬 Castilla ，橡胶桑属
捲曲花柱桑屬 Helicostylis
箭毒桑属 Maquira
大苞桑属 Mesogyne
乌檀桑属 Naucleopsis
黄乳桑属 Perebea
刺枝桑属 Poulsenia
假麵包果屬 Pseudolmedia ，假牛筋树属
假榕属 Sparattosyce

琉桑族（Dorstenieae）

飽食桑屬 Brosimum - 飽食桑木
假鳞桑属 Bosqueiopsis
琉桑屬 Dorstenia
L., 1753
- Dorstenia acangatara M.D.M.Vianna, Al.Santos, A.F.P.Machado, Mansano & Romaniuc
- Dorstenia africana (Baill.) C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia afromontana R.E.Fr.
- Dorstenia albertii Carauta & Sucre
- Dorstenia annua Friis & Vollesen
- Dorstenia appendiculata Miq.
- Dorstenia arachniformis Matheka, Malombe, T.Mwadime & Mwachala
- Dorstenia arifolia Lam.
- Dorstenia aristeguietae Cuatrec.
- Dorstenia astyanactis Aké Assi
- Dorstenia bahiensis Klotzsch
- Dorstenia barnimiana Schweinf.
- Dorstenia barteri Bureau
- Dorstenia belizensis C.C.Berg
- 本格拉琉桑 Dorstenia benguellensis Welw.
- Dorstenia bergiana Hijman
- Dorstenia bicaudata Peter
- Dorstenia bonijesu Carauta & C.Valente
- Dorstenia bowmanniana Baker
- 巴西琉桑 Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam.
- Dorstenia brevipetiolata C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia brownii Rendle
- Dorstenia buchananii Engl.
- Dorstenia caatingae R.M.Castro
- Dorstenia caimitensis Urb.
- Dorstenia campanulata Hauman
- Dorstenia capricorniana Carauta, C.Valente & Sucre
- Dorstenia carautae C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia cayapia Vell.
- Dorstenia choconiana S.Watson
- Dorstenia christenhuszii M.W.Chase & M.F.Fay
- Dorstenia ciliata Engl.
- Dorstenia colombiana Cuatrec.
- Dorstenia conceptionis Carauta
- Dorstenia contensis Carauta & C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia contrajerva L.
- Dorstenia convexa De Wild.
- Dorstenia crenulata C.Wright ex Griseb.
- Dorstenia cuspidata Hochst.
- Dorstenia dinklagei Engl.
- Dorstenia dionga Engl.
- Dorstenia djettii Guillaumet
- Dorstenia dorstenioides (Engl.) Hijman & C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia drakena L.
- Dorstenia elata Gardner
- Dorstenia ellenbeckiana Engl.
- Dorstenia elliptica Bureau
- Dorstenia embergeri Mangenot
- Dorstenia erythrandra Griseb.
- Dorstenia excentrica Moric.
- Dorstenia fawcettii Urb.
- Dorstenia flagellifera Urb. & Ekman
- Dorstenia foetida (Forssk.) Schweinf.
- 大琉桑 Dorstenia gigas Schweinf. ex Balf.fil.
- Dorstenia goetzei Engl.
- Dorstenia grazielae Carauta, Valente & Sucre
- Dorstenia gypsophila Lavranos
- Dorstenia hildebrandtii Engl.
- Dorstenia hildegardis Carauta, C.Valente & O.M.Barth
- Dorstenia hirta Desv.
- Dorstenia holstii Engl.
- Dorstenia horwoodii Rzepecky
- Dorstenia indica Wight
- Dorstenia involuta Hijman & C.C.Berg
- 牙买加琉桑 Dorstenia jamaicensis Britton
- Dorstenia kameruniana Engl.
- Dorstenia lanei Howard & W.R.Briggs
- Dorstenia lavrani T.A.Mc Coy & M.Massara
- Dorstenia letestui Pellegr.
- Dorstenia lindeniana Bureau
- Dorstenia luamensis M.E.Leal
- Dorstenia lujae De Wild.
- Dorstenia mannii Hook.fil.
- Dorstenia mariae Carauta, J.M.Albuq. & R.M.Castro
- Dorstenia marijan-matokii Eb.Fisch. & Killmann
- Dorstenia milaneziana Carauta, Valente & Sucre
- Dorstenia nummularia Urb. & Ekman
- Dorstenia nyungwensis Troupin
- Dorstenia oligogyna (Pellegr.) C.C.Berg
- 巴拿马琉桑 Dorstenia panamensis C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia peltata Spreng.
- Dorstenia peruviana C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia petraea C.Wright ex Griseb.
- Dorstenia picta Bureau
- Dorstenia poinsettifolia Engl.
- Dorstenia prorepens Engl.
- Dorstenia psilurus Welw.
- Dorstenia ramosa (Desv.) Carauta, C.Valente & Sucre
- Dorstenia rocana Britton
- Dorstenia roigii Britton
- Dorstenia romaniucii A.F.P.Machado & M.D.M.Vianna
- Dorstenia schliebenii Mildbr.
- Dorstenia setosa Moric.
- Dorstenia socotrana A.G.Mill.
- Dorstenia soerensenii Friis
- Dorstenia stellaris Al.Santos & Romaniuc
- Dorstenia subdentata Hijman & C.C.Berg
- Dorstenia subrhombiformis Engl.
- Dorstenia sucrei Carauta
- Dorstenia tayloriana Rendle
- Dorstenia tenera Bureau
- Dorstenia tentaculata Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- Dorstenia tenuiradiata Mildbr.
- Dorstenia tenuis Bonpl. ex Bureau
- Dorstenia thikaensis Hijman
- Dorstenia triseriata A.F.P.Machado, Fontella & Carauta
- Dorstenia tuberosa C.Wright ex Griseb.
- Dorstenia turnerifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- Dorstenia ulugurensis Engl.
- Dorstenia umbricola A.C.Sm.
- Dorstenia urceolata Schott
- Dorstenia uxpanapana C.C.Berg & T.Wendt
- Dorstenia variifolia Engl.
- Dorstenia vivipara Welw.
- Dorstenia warneckei Engl.
- Dorstenia yambuyaensis De Wild.
- Dorstenia zambesiaca Hijman
- Dorstenia zanzibarica Oliv.
- Dorstenia zenkeri Engl.
葵柱桑属 Helianthostylis
牛筋藤属 Malaisia
杯桑属 Scyphosyce
鳞桑属 Trilepisium
曲药桑属 Trymatococcus
头序桑属 Utsetela ^[4]

榕族^[5]

榕屬 Ficus

桑族（Moreae）^[6]

乳桑屬 Bagassa
南鹊肾树属 Bleekrodea
構屬 Broussonetia - 構樹
水蛇麻屬 Fatoua ，桑草
密花桑属 Milicia
桑屬 Morus
堆桑属 Sorocea
鵲腎樹屬 Streblus
龙盘木属 Trophis

桑橙族（Maclureae）^[1]

桑橙屬 Maclura ，橙桑属

苞桂木族 Parartocarpeae

南洋桑属 Hullettia
苞桂木屬 Parartocarpus

系統分類學[编辑]

下圖為桑科的系統分類樹^[7]：

大麻科 Cannabaceae（外類群）

桑科 Moraceae

	榕族 Ficeae

	巴拿馬橡膠樹族 Castilleae

琉桑屬 Dorstenieae

苞桂木族 Parartocarpeae

桑橙族（英语：Artocarpeae） Artocarpeae

	桂木族（英语：Artocarpeae） Artocarpeae

	桑族（英语：Moreae） Moreae

参考文献[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Moraceae. In Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].
^ Genera of Moraceae tribe Artocarpeae. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. [2009-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Castilleae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2012-05-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526195527/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409 |dead-url=no }}
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2410 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Dorstenieae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052649/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2410 |dead-url=no }}
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2411 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Ficeae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052652/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2411 |dead-url=no }}
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2412 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Moreae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052658/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2412 |dead-url=no }}
^ Gardner, Elliot M.; Zerega, Nyree J. C. Delimitation of the new tribe Parartocarpeae (Moraceae) is supported by a 333-gene phylogeny and resolves tribal level Moraceae taxonomy. Phytotaxa. 2019-01-23, 388 (4): 253–265 [2019-02-24]. ISSN 1179-3163. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.388.4.1. （原始内容存档于2019-02-24）（英语）.

參考书目[编辑]

Datwyler, Shannon L. & Weiblen, George D. (2004): On the origin of the fig:Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 91(5): 767-777. PDF fulltext （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F. & Donoghue, Michael J. (2008): Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA.
Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C. & Chase, Mark W. (2002): Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 89(9): 1531-1546. PDF fulltext （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Clement, Wendy L.; Datwyler, Shannon L. & Weiblen, George D. (2005): Biogroegraphy and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(2): 402-416. doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004 PDF fulltext

外部链接[编辑]

在L. Watson和M.J. Dallwitz（1992年）《有花植物分科》（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）中的桑科（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[APweb-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Moraceae. In Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].

[2] Genera of Moraceae tribe Artocarpeae. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. [2009-03-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

[3] {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Castilleae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2012-05-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526195527/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409 |dead-url=no }}

[4] {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2410 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Dorstenieae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052649/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2410 |dead-url=no }}

[5] {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2411 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Ficeae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052652/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2411 |dead-url=no }}

[6] {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2412 |title=Genera of |Moraceae | tribe |Moreae | |work=[[美国种质资源信息网络|Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=[[美国农业部|United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2009-03-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052658/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2412 |dead-url=no }}

[7] Gardner, Elliot M.; Zerega, Nyree J. C. Delimitation of the new tribe Parartocarpeae (Moraceae) is supported by a 333-gene phylogeny and resolves tribal level Moraceae taxonomy. Phytotaxa. 2019-01-23, 388 (4): 253–265 [2019-02-24]. ISSN 1179-3163. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.388.4.1. （原始内容存档于2019-02-24）（英语）.

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