多边恋
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多元之爱(希腊语:πολύ、英语:Polyamory),又称多爱、多边恋、多重伴侣关系,指关系中人数大于“两人一对一”且参与者皆知情同意的浪漫、恋爱、交往、伴侣等关系[1][2]。例如一人同时与两人或以上交往,在此亲密关系中多方知情同意与其他交往者的关系。有些多元之爱属于开放式关系,反对将“排他性”作为长久、深入、忠诚关系的前提[3][4];而有些多元之爱关系闭合而排他,称为多忠、多角忠诚或多角忠贞(Polyfidelity),将性活动及情感亲密局限于其组合内部[5][6]。
多元之爱有时被扩大化用作统称非一对一伴侣关系的各类型亲密关系[7][8][9]。其用法反映言说者的个人旨趣,然而爱、亲密、诚实、正直、平等、沟通、承诺是其中常有的主题或价值观[10][2]。
多角忠贞
[编辑]多角忠贞(Polyfidelity)是多元之爱的样式之一。若为婚姻,亦属多配偶制的样式之一。多角忠贞的组合之中,人人平等,可以与组合内任何其他成员同时存有亲密关系,并承诺浪漫或性关系仅限于组合内部,不允许与外人保持亲密、浪漫或性关系。惟经所有成员一致同意,才能加入新成员。因此,多角忠贞与一般的单配偶制都属于排他性关系,而有别于人数。
1848年成立于纽约州奥奈达的奥奈达公社被视为多角忠贞的起源。英语词“多角忠贞(Polyfidelity)”则首创于1956年在纽约成立的Kerista公社的“新部落(New Tribe)”[11][6]。
概念辨析
[编辑]“开放式关系(Open relationship)”一词有时被用作“多元之爱”的同义词,但二者实质不同。开放式关系以既有的亲密关系为中心“开放”性关系或浪漫关系;而多元之爱着重在爱,且可爱恋不止一人。[12]二者实例有交集,但互不包含。一个多元之爱组合可能是开放式关系,也可能是排他性关系,后者又称多角忠贞,不容许组合以外的人介入亲密关系。有些开放式关系仅许爱一人,即仅容性关系或浪漫关系开放;有些开放式关系可以爱多人,后者即属多元之爱。
非一对一伴侣关系(Non-monogamy)或与多元之爱混淆。非一对一伴侣关系是涵盖一切不严格遵循单一伴侣关系的亲密关系的雨伞术语,无论有无知情合意,故而包含合意的非一对一伴侣关系,即包括多元之爱。
多配偶制(Polygamy)时与多元之爱混淆。多配偶制则属配偶制度,配偶是正式或事实上的结合;而多元之爱着重在爱,不论结合与否。因此二者不同。
实况
[编辑]1997年,美国Dossie Easton及Janet Hardy出版《道德浪女 (The Ethical Slut)》,深入讨论女性观点之多重关系[13]。随着性认同与性倾向的渐趋多元,现有第三版本的讨论已扩及男性、酷儿与性少数者的多重关系。
截至2019年,逾二成美国人在人生中尝试过合意的非一对一的伴侣关系[14]。据引心理学家Jessica Fern,截至2020年9月,约有4%即近1600万美国人正在实践非一对一的伴侣关系[15]。金赛性、性别与生殖研究中心估计2009年7月在美国有五十万公开的多元之爱家庭[16][17]。
2017年,加利福尼亚州首度有三位男子在其婴孩的出生证明上一并登记为父亲[18]。2018年6月,纽芬兰与拉布拉多省一个法庭承认三位未婚的成年人是他们所组成的多元之爱家庭的孩子的合法父母;据信是为加拿大司法首例。此三成年人包括孩子的生母与两位男子[19]。2021年4月,不列颠哥伦比亚省最高法院宣判一位女子是一个三角家庭的第三合法父母[20]。
2020年6月,马萨诸塞州萨默维尔市议会票决承认该市的多元家庭伴侣关系,为全美第一[21][22][23][24]。2021年3月,马萨诸塞州剑桥市议会修改该市法律,规定家庭伴侣关系不必仅限于二位伴侣[25][26][27],次月该州阿灵顿镇亦作同样的批准[28]。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Sheff, Elisabeth. When Someone You Love Is Polyamorous: Understanding Poly People and Relationships. Portland, Oregon: Thorntree Press. 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Haritaworn, J.; Lin, C.-J.; Klesse, C. Poly/logue: A Critical Introduction to Polyamory. Sexualities. 2016-08-15, 9 (5): 515–29. S2CID 145274479. doi:10.1177/1363460706069963.
Polyamory describes a form of relationship where it is possible, valid and worthwhile to maintain (usually long-term) intimate and sexual relationships with multiple partners simultaneously.
- ^ Klesse, C. Notions of love in polyamory: Elements in a discourse on multiple loving. Laboratorium. 2011, 3 (2): 4–25 [December 27, 2016]. (原始内容存档于March 17, 2017).
- ^ What Does It Mean to Be Polyamorous?. Healthline. March 14, 2019 [May 4, 2020]. (原始内容存档于May 28, 2020).
- ^ Miller, Timothy. The 60s communes: hippies and beyond. Syracuse University Press. 1999: 135 [12 March 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8156-0601-7. (原始内容存档于November 7, 2013).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Pines, Ayala; Aronson, Elliot. Polyfidelity: An alternative lifestyle without jealousy?. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 1981, 4 (3): 373–392. doi:10.1007/BF01257945.
- ^ Poly glossary. PolyMatchMaker.com. [24 June 2017]. (原始内容存档于July 6, 2017).
- ^ Helen Echlin. When two just won't do. The Guardian. November 14, 2003 [March 27, 2007]. (原始内容存档于August 27, 2013).
- ^ Schippers, Mimi. Beyond Monogamy: Polyamory and the Future of Polyqueer Sexualities. NYU Press. 2017 [August 6, 2017]. (原始内容存档于August 7, 2017).
- ^ Klesse, C. Polyamory and its 'Others': Contesting the Terms of Non-Monogamy. Sexualities. 2016-08-15, 9 (5): 565–583 [January 14, 2020]. S2CID 143812369. doi:10.1177/1363460706069986. (原始内容存档于March 10, 2022).
- ^ Miller, Timothy. The 60s communes: hippies and beyond. Syracuse University Press. 1999: 135 [12 March 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8156-0601-7. (原始内容存档于7 November 2013).
- ^ Gaal, Anna Gyulai. The many shades of open love. EXBERLINER.com. 21 February 2019 [4 July 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-06) (美国英语).
- ^ 道德浪女:多重關係、開放關係與其他冒險的實用指南(第三版). 博客来. [2023-06-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-06).
- ^ Haupert, M. L.; Gesselman, Amanda N.; Moors, Amy C.; Fisher, Helen E.; Garcia, Justin R. Prevalence of Experiences With Consensual Nonmonogamous Relationships: Findings From Two National Samples of Single Americans. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 2017-07-04, 43 (5): 424–440. ISSN 0092-623X. PMID 27096488. S2CID 6855648. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2016.1178675.
- ^ Kavanagh, Jess. Building bridges: How polyamory made me a better friend, lover and person. Irish Times. September 19, 2020 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于October 3, 2020).
- ^ Bennett, Jessica. Polyamory: The Next Sexual Revolution?. Newsweek. July 29, 2009 [December 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于November 4, 2020).
- ^ Newitz, Annalee. Love Unlimited: The Polyamorists. New Scientist. July 7, 2006 [December 23, 2020]. (原始内容存档于November 9, 2020).
- ^ Feldman, Jamie. This Throuple Made History With Their First Child. Here's What Their Lives Are Like.. HuffPost. December 23, 2020 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 2, 2021).
- ^ MacDonald, Michael. 3 adults in polyamorous relationship declared legal parents by N. L. court. CBC News. June 14, 2018 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 24, 2020).
- ^ Labbé, Stefan. B.C. judge declares woman third legal parent in polyamorous 'triad'. Times Colonist. 2021-04-28 [2021-08-28]. (原始内容存档于August 28, 2021).
- ^ Stening, Tanner. Somerville City Council passes ordinance recognizing polyamorous domestic partnerships. masslive. July 1, 2020 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 2, 2020).
- ^ Taliesin, Julia. Somerville votes to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships. It is one of the first in nation.. MetroWest Daily News, Framingham, MA. [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 1, 2020).
- ^ McNamara, Audrey. Massachusetts city officially recognizes polyamorous relationships. CBS News. July 3, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020).
- ^ Greenberg, Zoe. Somerville's new polyamory-friendly policy a 'turning point'. Boston Globe. July 2, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020).
- ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan. Cambridge Will Recognize Polyamorous Partnerships and Other Domestic Arrangements With More Than 2 Adults. Reason.com. March 10, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 10, 2021).
- ^ Cambridge City Council meeting - March 8, 2021 - AGENDA. Cambridge Civic Journal. March 8, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 8, 2021). This is a publication run by a man named Robert Winters, who is a civic watcher of the Cambridge, MA government.
- ^ Adams, Diana; Chen, Alexander. Cambridge Becomes 2nd US City to Legalize Polyamorous Domestic Partnerships (PDF) (新闻稿). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Polyamory Legal Advocacy Coalition. March 9, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于March 9, 2021).
- ^ Collings, Jesse. Town Meeting approves domestic partnership for relationships with more than two people. Wicked Local. [May 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于May 13, 2021).
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