宰杀雏鸟
外观
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%9C_%288141561206%29.jpg/220px-%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%9C_%288141561206%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%288144748206%29.jpg/220px-%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%288144748206%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HyLineMacerator_%284018547060%29.jpg/220px-HyLineMacerator_%284018547060%29.jpg)
宰杀雏鸟是指畜牧业者在禽鸟刚孵化不久就因不符所需性别而将雏鸟宰杀的做法,常见于鸡蛋生产过程,因为公鸡不能下蛋,且蛋鸡经过品种培育后作为肉鸡饲养的效益过低[1]。除了不能下蛋的公鸡,还有病弱的母鸡,以及肝酱用的鹅和鸭中肝脏成长率较差的雌性也会被剔除。此做法不论是笼饲、放养、或有机饲养的业者都广泛使用,只有极少数业者避免此行为[2][3]。每年全世界有约七十亿只公鸡以及四千万只母鸭被如此宰杀。[4][5][6]
常见的宰杀方法包括直接以机器绞碎及二氧化碳窒息。由于绞碎的时间最快,在西方国家认为是较人道的做法,也是最常用的方法[1][7]。宰杀后的肉通常会做为饲料或肥料。
在部分欧盟国家,宰杀雏鸟是违法的,不想养公鸡的蛋农必须在鸡蛋孵化前鉴定性别并剔除不要的蛋。
历史
[编辑]养殖业大约在1920-30年代开始育种区分蛋鸡和肉鸡。在此之前,所有品种的鸡都同时充当蛋鸡和肉鸡,公鸡养来取肉,母鸡养来下蛋,因此不会宰杀公鸡。但在养出下蛋品种的鸡之后,及早宰杀公鸡就成了降低成本的重要手段,并发展出能尽早判断雏鸟性别的方法。[8]
出于动物福利考量,2010年代起科学家研发了从未孵化的蛋鉴定性别的方法,能在孵化前汰除雄性。在美国,业者曾在2016年设定目标要在2020年改鉴定鸡蛋的性别[1][9],但在2020年表示未能找到可行的替代方案[10]。在欧洲,2018年世界上第一批不需宰杀公鸡的量产鸡蛋在德国上市[11]。2022年,法国和德国全面禁止宰杀孵化的雏鸟,并邀集其他欧盟国家采纳相同政策,意大利随即加入[12]。
方法
[编辑]各地法规允许的宰杀方式不尽相同,但较常见的方法有:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hatchery_2.jpg/220px-Hatchery_2.jpg)
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Blakemore, Erin. Egg Producers Pledge More Humane Fate for Male Chicks. Smithsonian. 2016-06-13 [22 April 2024]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-02).
- ^ Lay Thee Down To Rest. Vital Farms. [2022-06-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20) (美国英语).
- ^ Brulliard, Karin. New technique may prevent the gruesome deaths of billions of male chicks. The Washington Post. October 27, 2016 [June 20, 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-14).
- ^ Krautwald Junghanns, ME; Cramer, K; Fischer, B; Förster, A; Galli, R; Kremer, F; Mapesa, EU; Meissner, S; Preisinger, R; Preusse, G; Schnabel, C; Steiner, G; Bartels, T. Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods.. Poultry Science. 1 March 2018, 97 (3): 749–757. PMID 29294120. doi:10.3382/ps/pex389
.
- ^ Rodenburg, T. B.; Bracke, M. B. M.; Berk, J.; Cooper, J.; Faure, J. M.; Guémené, D.; Guy, G.; Harlander, A.; Jones, T. Welfare of ducks in European duck husbandry systems. World's Poultry Science Journal. December 2005, 61 (4): 633–646 [2024-06-27]. ISSN 1743-4777. S2CID 1206732. doi:10.1079/WPS200575. (原始内容存档于2023-03-27).
- ^ Hughes, I. Shocking video shows hundreds of live ducklings 'thrown into mincer' on cruel 'foie gras farm'. The Mirror. 2014 [March 14, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-30).
- ^ What happens with male chicks in the egg industry?. RSPCA Knowledgebase. RSPCA Australia. 22 September 2021 [22 April 2024]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-29).
- ^ U.S. Chicken Industry History. The National Chicken Council. [2019-10-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-06) (美国英语).
- ^ Fassler, Joe; DiPrinzio, Harry. The cure for culling. The New Food Economy. 15 July 2016 [18 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-22).
- ^ Shannon, Joel. France bans mass killing of male chicks, but US egg farmers say there's no other 'workable' solution. USA Today. [2024-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-01).
- ^ Le Blond, Josie. World's first no-kill eggs go on sale in Berlin. The Guardian. December 22, 2018 [February 17, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-03).
- ^ Italy moves forward with ban on selective culling of male chicks. eurogroupforanimals.org. 2021-12-21 [2023-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-10).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Saul, Heather. Hatched, discarded, gassed: What happens to male chicks in the UK. The independent. March 5, 2015 [July 1, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-06).
- ^ Eéndagshaantjes: zijn er alternatieven?. Vlaams infocentrum voor land- en tuinbouw. 4 February 2020 [22 May 2020] (荷兰语).
- ^ Saraswathy, M. Unilever working to end the culling of male chicks. Business Standard. 4 October 2014 [April 22, 2024]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-23).
- ^ Humane Killing of Male Chicks at the Laying Branch. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期September 27, 2007,.
- ^ Poultry Code of Practice. www.nfacc.ca. [2023-06-27].