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重复独立发现发明列表

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历史学社会学上对于科学界“重复独立发现发明”的现象各有评论。罗伯特·金·莫顿将“重复发现”定义为各自独立开展研究的科学家得出相似的发现的情况。[1]“有些发现是同时的,或者几乎同时的;而有些科学家得出的新发现早在几年前就有人在他不知情的情况下捷足先登。”[2]

重复独立发现发明最常见的例子是微积分氧气进化论的发现及发明。微积分于17世纪由牛顿莱布尼茨等人各自独立发明[3];氧气于18世纪由舍勒普里斯特里拉瓦锡各自独立发现;进化论则是于19世纪,由达尔文华莱士分别独立提出。

然而,重复独立发现发明并非只限于科学研究的巨头之间。莫顿认为科学发现的常态应该是由多人独立发现,而不是由一个个人或团体独一无二地发现。[4]

莫顿还对比了“重复发现”与“独特发现”,“独特发现”是指单一的一位科学家或一组合作的科学家得出的发现。[5]

13世纪

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哥白尼

14世纪

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16世纪

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伽利略

17世纪

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牛顿
莱布尼茨

18世纪

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19世纪

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高斯
法拉第
罗巴切夫斯基
达尔文
门捷列夫
贝尔

20世纪

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贝可勒尔
居里夫人
爱因斯坦
希格斯
彭齐亚斯
丁肇中

21世纪

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珀尔马特, 里斯, 施密特

名言

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— “某些东西的时机一旦成熟,就会如雨后春笋般在不同的地方涌现。”[48] 鲍耶·法卡斯英语Farkas Bolyai规劝其子鲍耶·亚诺什尽快宣布非欧几何的发现
引自 Li & Vitanyi, An introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, 1st ed., p. 83.

参见

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参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ Robert K. Merton, "Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science", European Journal of Sociology, 4:237–82, 1963. Reprinted in Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1973, pp. 371–82. [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science, 1973.
  3. ^ A. Rupert Hall, Philosophers at War, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  4. ^ Robert K. Merton, "Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery: a Chapter in the Sociology of Science", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 105: 470–86, 1961. Reprinted in Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 343–70.
  5. ^ Robert K. Merton, On Social Structure and Science, p. 307.
  6. ^ "Copernicus seems to have drawn up some notes [on the displacement of good coin from circulation by debased coin] while he was at Olsztyn in 1519. He made them the basis of a report on the matter, written in German, which he presented to the Prussian Diet held in 1522 at Grudziądz... He later drew up a revised and enlarged version of his little treatise, this time in Latin, and setting forth a general theory of money, for presentation to the Diet of 1528." Angus Armitage, The World of Copernicus, 1951, p. 91.
  7. ^ Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality, Vintage Books, 2005, p. 103.
  8. ^ 原文:"If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun in the proportion of five hundred to one, and by supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its [mass] with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it, by its own proper gravity."
  9. ^ Alan Ellis, "Black Holes – Part 1 – History", Astronomical Society of Edinburgh, Journal 39, 1999页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). A description of Michell's theory of black holes.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Bantam, 1996, pp. 43-45.
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  12. ^ Heideman, M. T., D. H. Johnson, and C. S. Burrus, "Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3 (1985), pp. 265–277.
  13. ^ Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality, Vintage Books, 2005, p. 81.
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  16. ^ Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, p. 933.
  17. ^ "Had Becquerel... not [in 1896] presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would have gone to Silvanus Thompson." Robert William Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974, ISBN 0002115395, pp. 64-65.
  18. ^ "Marie Curie was... beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium. Unknown to her, a German, Gerhard Carl Schmidt, had published his finding in Berlin two months earlier." Robert William Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974, ISBN 0002115395, p. 65.
  19. ^ N.E. Collinge, The Laws of Indo-European, pp. 149-52.
  20. ^ Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, New York, W.W. Norton, 2005, ISBN 0-393-05137-4, p. 166.
  21. ^ Photochemical equivalence law. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [2009-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-09). 
  22. ^ Stephen Hawking, The Brief History of Time,Bantam press(1996), pg:88.
  23. ^ M.J. O'Dowd, E.E. Philipp, The History of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, London, Parthenon Publishing Group, 1994, p. 547.
  24. ^ Eggleton, Philip; Eggleton, Grace Palmer (1927). "The inorganic phosphate and a labile form of organic phosphate in the gastrocnemius of the frog". Biochemical Journal 21 (1): 190–195. PMC 1251888. PMID 16743804.
  25. ^ Fiske, Cyrus H.; Subbarow, Yellapragada (1927). "The nature of the 'inorganic phosphate' in voluntary muscle". Science 65 (1686): 401–403. doi:10.1126/science.65.1686.401. PMID 17807679.
  26. ^ See the "bibliographic notes" at the end of chapter 7 in Hopcroft & Ullman, Introduction to Automata, Languages, and Computation, Addison-Wesley, 1979.
  27. ^ Ralston, Anthony; Meek, Christopher (编), Encyclopedia of Computer Science second: 488–489, 1976, ISBN 0-88405-321-0 
  28. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William, Computer: A History of the Information Machine, New York: Basic Books: 84, 1996, ISBN 0-465-02989-2 .
  29. ^ Jane Smiley, The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer, 2010.
  30. ^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986, ISBN 0671441337, p. 27.
  31. ^ Irwin Abrams website,[2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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  33. ^ The Chip that Jack Built页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), ca. 2008, HTML, Texas Instruments, retrieved 29 May 2008.
  34. ^ Christophe Lécuyer, Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970, MIT Press, 2006, ISBN 0262122812, p. 129.
  35. ^ Nobel Web AB, 10 October 2000 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), retrieved 29 May 2008.
  36. ^ See Chapter 1.6 in the first edition of Li & Vitanyi, An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, who cite Chaitin (1975): "this definition [of Kolmogorov complexity] was independently proposed about 1965 by A.N. Kolmogorov and me ... Both Kolmogorov and I were then unaware of related proposals made in 1960 by Ray Solomonoff."
  37. ^ Navarro, Gonzalo. A guided tour to approximate string matching (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 2001, 33 (1): 31–88. doi:10.1145/375360.375365. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-12). 
  38. ^ 断言独立的来源有Bollobás, Béla; Radcliff, A.J. Defect Sauer results. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A. 1995, 72: 189–208. doi:10.1016/0097-3165(95)90060-8. 
  39. ^ Vapnik, V. N.; Červonenkis, A. Ja. The uniform convergence of frequencies of the appearance of events to their probabilities. Akademija Nauk SSSR. 1971, 16: 264–279. MR 0288823. 
  40. ^ Sauer, N. On the density of families of sets. Journal of Combinatorial Theory英语Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A. 1972, 13: 145–147. MR 0307902. doi:10.1016/0097-3165(72)90019-2可免费查阅. 
  41. ^ Shelah, Saharon. A combinatorial problem; stability and order for models and theories in infinitary languages. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 1972, 41: 247–261. MR 0307903. doi:10.2140/pjm.1972.41.247可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2013-10-05). 
  42. ^ See Garey & Johnson, Computers and intractability, p. 119.
    Cf. also the survey article by Trakhtenbrot (see "External Links").
    Levin emigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
  43. ^ Endo, Akira; Kuroda M., Tsujita Y. (December 1976). "ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium". Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo), 1976 29(12), 1346–8. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346. PMID 1010803.
  44. ^ "Crystal and Molecular Structure of Compactin, a New Antifungal Metabolite from Penicillium brevicompactum." Alian G. Brown, Terry C. Smale, Trevor J. King, Rainer Hasenkamp and Ronald H. Thompson. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1976, 1165-1170. DOI:10.1039/P19760001165
  45. ^ D. J. Gross, F. Wilczek, Ultraviolet behavior of non-abeilan gauge theoreies页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Phys. Rev. Letters 30 (1973) 1343-1346; H. D. Politzer, Reliable perturbative results for strong interactions页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Phys. Rev. Letters 30 (1973) 1346-1349
  46. ^ See EATCS on the Gödel Prize 1995 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2007-08-04..
  47. ^ Paál, G.; Horváth, I.; Lukács, B. Astrophysics and Space Science. 1992, 191: 107. Bibcode:1992Ap&SS.191..107P. doi:10.1007/BF00644200.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  48. ^ 原文:"When the time is ripe for certain things, these things appear in different places in the manner of violets coming to light in early spring."

书籍

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外部链接

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