鏈球菌屬
鏈球菌屬![]() | |
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肺炎鏈球菌 | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
域: | 細菌域 Bacteria |
界: | 細菌界 Bacteria |
門: | 芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota |
綱: | 芽孢桿菌綱 Bacilli |
目: | 乳桿菌目 Lactobacillales |
科: | 鏈球菌科 Streptococcaceae |
屬: | 鏈球菌屬 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 |
模式種 | |
化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884
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種 | |
見正文 |
鏈球菌(學名:Streptococcus)是一類球形的革蘭氏陽性細菌,屬於厚壁菌門的一個屬。這些細菌細胞分裂時總是沿一個軸,所以通常成對或者鏈狀的。因爲這些特徵,他們被稱作「鏈球菌」,區別於可以沿多個軸分裂而形成一團細胞的「葡萄球菌」(Staphylococcus)。鏈球菌屬包含了很多個種,其中多數是在人和動物表皮,呼吸道等處的共生菌(commensal flora),也有對人類有益的菌種如嗜熱鏈球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相當數量的致病菌種。
種類劃分
[編輯]一般以蘭斯菲爾德分類法(Lancefield classification)和溶血類型劃分。例如產膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)為蘭斯菲爾德一型(Group A)並為β溶血類型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)沒有蘭斯菲爾德抗原,但是可以根據它是從呼吸道中提取,顯微鏡下為雙球菌狀(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈濕潤狀(有莢膜生成),中間有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因為有autolysin產生),以確定。
本屬包括以下物種:[1]
- 少酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
- B型鏈球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
- 非解乳糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
- 咽峽炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
- 南方鏈球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
- 阿齊茲鏈球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
- 奶牛乳腺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
- 牛鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,為Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的異名
- 馴馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 鼠腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024[2],分離自老鼠的盲腸
- 加勒多尼亞鏈球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al., 2020
- 單峰駝鏈球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
- 犬鏈球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗鏈球菌
- 山羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
- 羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al., 1996,異名
- 海狸鏈球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
- 豚鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al., 1983,異名
- 星座鏈球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
- Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
- 大鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
- 嵴鏈球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
- 兔鏈球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
- Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al., 2022
- 丹尼爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
- Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al., 1989,為Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的異名
- 野豬牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
- 驢牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
- 非洲象牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
- 蝙蝠齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
- Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
- 德夫里耶斯鏈球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
- 負鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
- Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al., 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
- 汗毛鏈球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
- 唐氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al., 2020
- Streptococcus durans (Collins et al., 1984) Knight et al., 1984,異名
- 停乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
- 停乳鏈球菌停乳亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
- 停乳鏈球菌似馬亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- 內臟鏈球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
- 馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
- 馬鏈球菌馬亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
- 馬鏈球菌獸瘟亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
- 馬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906,異名
- Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
- 野生鏈球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
- Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al., 2021
- 雞棚鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
- Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,為Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的異名
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌解沒食子酸亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型i。
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌巴氏亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii/2
- Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,為Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
- 格氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
- 灰海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
- 耐鹽鏈球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
- Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的異名
- 亨氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 希利爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al., 2019
- 喜馬拉雅鏈球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
- 呼和浩特鏈球菌 Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024[3]
- 香港鏈球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al., 2013
- 豬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
- 生殖道鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
- 鯰魚鏈球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
- Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al., 2022
- 小兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
- 嬰兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
- 嬰兒鏈球菌嬰兒亞種 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
- 海豚鏈球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
- 中間鏈球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
- Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al., 1988,異名
- 母乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
- Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,異名
- Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014
- 巴黎鏈球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii.1
- 猴鏈球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
- Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 海哺乳動物鏈球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
- 旱獺鏈球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
- 馬賽鏈球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
- 蒙古沙鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
- 小鏈球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
- 緩症鏈球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
- Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的異名
- 摩洛哥鏈球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 變異鏈球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
- 低聚發酵鏈球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al., 2003,為Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的異名
- 口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
- 捲尾猴口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
- 非洲象口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
- 驢口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
- Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al., 2023
- 鼠口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
- 豬口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
- 羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
- 羊乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
- 太平洋鏈球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al., 2021
- 牙齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
- 藏羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
- Streptococcus parapneumoniae [4]
- 副血鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
- 副豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
- 副乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
- Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al., 1937) Cato 1983,為Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的異名
- Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 殺對蝦鏈球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
- 泛口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
- 咽喉部鏈球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,為Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的異名
- 海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
- Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al., 1984,為Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
- Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al., 1979,為Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的異名
- 多動物源鏈球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
- 多內器官鏈球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
- 肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
- 豬心鏈球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
- 豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
- 小豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
- 假肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
- 假豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
- 化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也稱化膿鏈球菌
- Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,為Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的異名
- 棉子糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus raffinosi Nguyen et al. 2024[5]
- 鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
- 呼吸系統鏈球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
- 里夫鏈球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 魯布納氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
- 反芻鏈球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023[6]
- 羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
- Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al., 1985,為Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的異名
- Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
- 唾液鏈球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- 唾液鏈球菌唾液亞種 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
- 唾液鏈球菌嗜熱亞種 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
- 非洲象口水鏈球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
- 血鏈球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
- Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023[7]
- Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al., 1995,為Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的異名
- 中華鏈球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
- 表兄鏈球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
- 豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
- 丹吉爾鏈球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
- Streptococcus taonis Lee et al. 2024[8]
- Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023[9]
- 嗜熱鏈球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
- 托爾豪特鎮鏈球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
- Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al., 2012,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
- Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al., 2022
- 黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
- 染病黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
- 乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
- 脲鏈球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
- 熊口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2011
- 前庭鏈球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
- Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al., 2021
- Streptococcus waius Flint et al., 1999,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 加州海獅鏈球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al., 2021
- 流行鏈球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,異名
傳染途徑
[編輯]鏈球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮膚、腸道和上呼吸道,因為其它共生菌的競爭和免疫系統它們一般不會造成疾病,所以被認為是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是當某些特定的菌株進入人體,並在特定組織或器官建立起感染時,便會引發疾病。鏈球菌的種類很多,可以感染人體的多種部位,導致多種不同疾病。
鏈球菌會通過以下特定的方式傳播:
- 物理接觸。
- 通過被鏈球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
- 通過咳嗽,噴嚏等反應從呼吸道中帶出細菌。
致病菌種
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/280px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg)
鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus)中,以蘭斯菲爾德分類法劃分可以導致疾病的種有:
一型鏈球菌
[編輯]一型鏈球菌(Group A Streptococci),如產膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes) 造成一型鏈球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
產膿鏈球菌會感染成年人,導致發燒,喉嚨痛(鏈球菌性咽炎),頸部淋巴腫大。當被感染時,小孩可能會有喉嚨痛、皮疹、腹部絞痛等症狀,醫生可以從咽喉提取樣本進行培養和生化測試以確診。值得注意的是產膿鏈球菌和很多其它鏈球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),這種抗原與心臟肌肉和關節處組織的抗原很相像,長時間的鏈球菌感染會產生自免疫反應, 增加類風濕性關節炎和風濕性心肌炎的危險。
二型鏈球菌
[編輯]二型鏈球菌(Group B Streptococci),也稱為GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae,會導致新生兒和老年人的腦膜炎,有時也會導致全身性的細菌性敗血症。
鏈球菌通常也會寄生在女性的生殖道內,產生酸性環境,抑制其它細菌,但是有些二型鏈球菌會感染生殖道,增加羊膜過早破裂的危險,使胎兒流產。
美國疾病控制預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有專門的對GBS的介紹:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
四型鏈球菌
[編輯]四型鏈球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans、S. avium、牛鏈球菌(S. bovis)
肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)在很少的情況下(如免疫力降低)從上呼吸道進入下呼吸道再進入肺部,產生肺炎鏈球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反應而使肺部機能失常,導致肺炎。
草綠色鏈球菌
[編輯]草綠色鏈球菌(Streptococcus viridans)可以導致心內膜炎和口腔感染。
參見
[編輯]外部連結
[編輯]- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus pyogenes(化膿性鏈球菌) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus agalactiae(無乳鏈球菌) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
Reference: Madigan MT. et.al, Brock Biology of Microorgnanisms, 8th Ed, 1997.
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