塊菌屬
塊菌屬![]() | |
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科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
門: | 子囊菌門 Ascomycota |
綱: | 盤菌綱 Pezizomycetes |
目: | 盤菌目 Pezizales |
科: | 塊菌科 Tuberaceae |
屬: | 塊菌屬 Tuber P.Micheli ex F.H.Wigg. (1780) |
模式種 | |
Tuber aestivum Vittad. (1831)
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異名[1] | |
Tuber P.Micheli (1729) |
塊菌屬(學名:Tuber),又稱西洋松露屬,為子囊菌門塊菌科的一屬,本屬目前已知222種,其中有幾種可以烹調,且價位極高[2]。
描述
[編輯]子囊果地下生,不具囊蓋(inoperculate),形態上成球狀、瘤塊狀,且略不規則。外表隨種類不同而有不同表現,可能佈滿金字塔型或圓錐形的突起鱗片,如黑松露(Tuber melanosporum);也可能如意大利白松露(Tuber magnatum)呈平滑表面。顏色從黑色、紫黑色、紅棕色、黃褐色至灰白色不等[3]。子囊果的巨觀構造可以大致分為最外層的包被(perido)和內部的產孢腔(gleba)[4]。包被外層由外囊盤被(ectal excipulum)所構成,周邊皮質則由緻密的囊盤被髓質(medullary excipulum)構成。皮質常為假薄壁(pseudoparenchymatous)組織形態,有些則為長軸(prosenchymatous)組織形態[3]。
產孢腔切面則可見因子囊盤的重疊壓縮所造成的迷宮樣緻密曲折紋路,這些紋路稱為脈(venae)。脈又分為外脈(venae externae)[註 1]及顏色較白內脈(venae internae)[3][註 2]。外脈為子實層,負責產生子實,組織內含有空氣;內脈不具生殖功能,在發育初期顏色呈白色,隨着個體逐漸成熟逐漸變深,其材質較為緻密且不含氣體[3]。
子囊內含一至八顆孢子。本屬的孢子多有複雜紋飾,可分為兩類:一類有許多的棘狀突起,此類以黑孢松露為代表;另一類則具有蜂巢般的格紋,意大利白松露屬於此型[4]。
生物學
[編輯]一般盤菌的子囊前端有囊蓋(operculate),成熟時囊蓋會打開並釋出孢子。但塊菌生長於地下,又無法彈射孢子,因此會散發濃郁氣味,吸引哺乳動物挖掘食用,藉此散佈孢子[5]。會食用塊菌的動物包括熊及豬,因此前人常使用豬的嗅覺來尋找塊菌,在母豬嗅聞到塊菌的位置後,再將松露掘出。但後來因為豬的力氣較大不易控制,因此改用狗來尋找塊菌[5]。
種間關係
[編輯]塊菌屬屬於菌根真菌,常會與其他植物產生菌根[5]。歐洲最常見的共生喬木包含橡樹和榛樹。在亞洲則主要與主要與殼斗科、樺木科及松科等樹種的根系共生[5][6]。
過往認為塊菌無法單獨生存,必須與其他植物形成共生性的外生菌根,以吸收孢外間質才能生存[7]。但後來發現某些塊菌(如黑冬松露)也會攝取環境的資源,甚至會使一些植物的根部退化,藉此吸收其殘留下來的營養和礦物質。因此塊菌與植物間的種間關係並不僅有互利共生,可能也會出現片利共生、寄生,及死體營養(necrotrophy)等交互關係[7]。目前研究支持塊菌屬於輔助性腐生(auxiliary saprotrophic nutrition)生物,當植物的根系密集時,塊菌採取腐生模式,吸收孢外間質的養分;根系較稀疏時,塊菌會開始掠奪周邊的資源。然而,自由生長的塊菌由於缺乏營養供給,因此無法形成子囊果,且未必能與其他物種競爭[7]。
除喬木的外生菌根之外,某些塊菌也被發現可以與蘭科植物形成蘭菌根,也能與杜鵑花類植物形成漿果鵑類菌根(arbutoid mycorrhizas)[8]。
下屬物種
[編輯]本屬包括以下物種:[9]
- 夏塊菌 Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng.
- 白臍塊菌 Tuber alboumbilicum Y. Wang & Shu H. Li
- Tuber anniae W. Colgan & Trappe
- Tuber argenteum Gilkey
- Tuber argentinum Speg.
- Tuber arnoldianum Healy, Zurier & Bonito
- 阿薩塊菌 Tuber asa-foetida
- Tuber aztecorum G. Guevara, Bonito & M.E. Sm.
- Tuber badium S.P. Wan
- Tuber bellisporum Bonito & Trappe
- Tuber bernardinii Gori
- Tuber besseyi Gilkey
- Tuber beyerlei Trappe, Bonito & G. Guevara
- Tuber bisporum Gilkey
- Tuber bituminatum Berk. & Broome
- 波密塊菌 Tuber bomiense K.M. Su & W.P. Xiong
- Tuber bonitoi G. Guevara & Trappe
- Tuber bonnetii Roum.
- 勃氏塊菌 Tuber borchii Vittad.,波氏塊菌
- 勃氏塊菌球孢變種 Tuber borchii var. sphaerosperma Malençon
- Tuber brennemanii A. Grupe, Healy & M.E. Sm.
- 冬塊菌 Tuber brumale Vittad.
- Tuber brunneum G. Guevara, Bonito & Trappe
- 加州塊菌 Tuber californicum
- Tuber calosporum S.P. Wan
- Tuber canaliculatum Gilkey
- Tuber caoi L. Fan
- Tuber castellanoi Bonito & Trappe
- Tuber castilloi G. Guevara, Bonito & Trappe
- Tuber cistophilum P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, Manjón, Gelpi & Jaime Muñoz
- Tuber clarei Gilkey
- Tuber crassitunicatum L. Fan & X.Y. Yan
- Tuber cryptobrumale Merényi, T. Varga & Bratek
- Tuber decipiens Bozac, Širić & Kos
- Tuber depressum S.P. Wan
- Tuber donnagotto Bozac, Širić & Kos
- 喜櫟塊菌 Tuber dryophilum Tul. & C. Tul.
- 深脈松露 Tuber elevatireticulatum K.F. Wong & H.T. Li
- 凹陷塊菌 Tuber excavatum Vittad.
- Tuber ferrugineum Vittad.
- Tuber flavidosporum Hir. Sasaki, A. Kinosh. & Nara
- Tuber floridanum A. Grupe, Sulzbacher & M.E. Sm.
- 臭塊菌 Tuber foetidum Vittad.
- 台灣塊菌 Tuber formosanum H.T. Hu & Y. Wang
- 粉狀塊菌 Tuber furfuraceum H.T. Hu & Y.I. Wang
- Tuber gardneri Gilkey
- Tuber gennadii (Chatin) Pat.
- Tuber giganteum Gilkey
- 巨孢塊菌 Tuber gigantosporum Y. Wang & Z.P. Li
- 光巨孢塊菌 Tuber glabrum L. Fan & S. Feng
- Tuber guevarae Bonito & Trappe
- Tuber guzmanii Trappe & Cázares
- Tuber harknessii Gilkey
- 喜馬拉雅塊菌 Tuber himalayense B.C. Zhang & Minter
- Tuber hiromichii (S. Imai) Trappe
- 湖北塊菌 Tuber hubeiense L. Fan
- 會東塊菌 Tuber huidongense Y. Wang
- 會澤塊菌 Tuber huizeanum L. Fan & C.L. Hou
- Tuber incognitum Piña Páez, Bonito, Guevara & Castellano
- 印度塊菌 Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee,異名:Tuber sinense K. Tao& B. Liu)
- Tuber intermedium Bucholtz
- Tuber irradians Gilkey
- Tuber itzcuinzapotl de la Fuente & Rosales-Rosales, 2024 [10]
- 日本塊菌 Tuber japonicum Hir. Sasaki, A. Kinosh. & Nara
- 金沙江塊菌 Tuber jinshajiangense L. Fan
- 朝鮮塊菌 Tuber koreanum H.Park & A.H.Eom, 2021[11]
- Tuber lacunosum Mattir.
- Tuber lannaense Suwannar. & Lumyong
- 寬孢塊菌 Tuber latisporum Juan Chen & P.G. Liu,闊孢塊菌
- Tuber lauryi Trappe, Bonito & G. Guevara
- Tuber levissimum Gilkey
- 遼東塊菌 Tuber liaotongense Y. Wang
- Tuber lignarium (Harkn.) Gilkey
- 麗江塊菌 Tuber lijiangense L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- Tuber linsdalei Gilkey
- Tuber lishanense L. Fan & X.Y. Yan
- 小西氏石櫟松露 Tuber lithocarpii K.F. Wong & H.T. Li
- 劉氏塊菌 Tuber liui A-S. Xu
- 李玉塊菌 Tuber liyuanum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- Tuber longisporum Gilkey
- Tuber lucentum Bordallo
- 萊氏塊菌 Tuber lyonii Butters
- Tuber macrosporum Vittad.
- 斑點塊菌 Tuber maculatum Vittad.
- Tuber magentipunctatum Merényi, I. Nagy, Stielow & Bratek
- 白松露 Tuber magnatum Picco, 1788
- Tuber malacodermum E. Fisch.
- Tuber malenconii Donadini, Riousset, G. Riousset & G. Chev.
- Tuber maresa Font Quer
- 黑松露 Tuber melanosporum Vittad.
- Tuber melosporum (G. Moreno, J. Díez & Manjón) P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, Manjón & J. Díez
- 膜皺塊菌 Tuber mesentericum Vittad.
- Tuber mexiusanum G. Guevara, Bonito & Cázares
- Tuber michailowskianum Bucholtz
- 小孢塊菌 Tuber microspermum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- 小球孢塊菌 Tuber microsphaerosporum L. Fan & Y. Li
- 密網孢塊菌 Tuber microspiculatum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- 細疣塊菌 Tuber microverrucosum L. Fan & C.L. Hou
- Tuber miquihuanense G. Guevara, Bonito & Cázares
- Tuber monosporum (Mattir.) Vizzini
- 山地塊菌 Tuber montanum Chatin, 1892
- Tuber moravicum Velen.
- Tuber moretii Maire
- Tuber multimaculatum Parladé, Trappe & I.F. Alvarez[12]
- 網孢凹陷塊菌 Tuber neoexcavatum L. Fan & Yu Li
- 光果塊菌 Tuber nitidum Vittad.
- 少孢塊菌 Tuber oligospermum (Tul. & C. Tul.) Trappe
- Tuber oregonense Trappe, Bonito & P. Rawl.
- Tuber pacificum Trappe, Castellano & Bushnell
- 攀枝花塊菌 Tuber panzhihuanense X.J. Deng & Y. Wang
- 小塊菌 Tuber parvomurphium L. Fan
- Tuber petrophilum Milenković, P. Jovan., Grebenc, Ivančević & Marković
- Tuber phlebodermum (Gilkey) Trappe
- Tuber piceatum L. Fan, X.Y. Yan & M.S. Song
- Tuber polymorphosporum S.P. Wan
- 多孢塊菌 Tuber polyspermum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- 假柄塊菌 Tuber pseudobrumale Y. Wang & Shu H. Li
- 假凹陷塊菌 Tuber pseudoexcavatum Y. Wang, G. Moreno, Riousset, Manjón & G. Riousset
- 假喜馬拉雅塊菌 Tuber pseudohimalayense G. Moreno, Manjón, J. Díez & García-Mont.
- 擬白塊菌 Tuber pseudomagnatum L. Fan
- Tuber pseudoseparans G. Guevara, Bonito & Trappe
- 擬球孢塊菌 Tuber pseudosphaerosporum L. Fan
- 短毛塊菌 Tuber puberulum Berk. & Broome
- Tuber pustulatum M. Leonardi, A. Paz, G. Guevara & Pacioni
- Tuber queletianum Bataille
- Tuber quercicola J.L. Frank, D. Southw. & Trappe
- 曲靖塊菌 Tuber qujingense S.P. Wan
- 蕪菁味塊菌 Tuber rapaeodorum Tul. & C. Tul.
- Tuber regianum Montecchi & Lazzari
- Tuber regimontanum G. Guevara, Bonito & Julio Rodr.
- 棕紅塊菌 Tuber rufum Pollini
- Tuber scleroneuron Berk. & Broome
- Tuber separans Gilkey
- 歇爾氏塊菌 Tuber shearii Harkn.
- Tuber shidianense S.P. Wan & F.Q. Yu
- Tuber shii L. Fan & Y.W. Wang
- 中國塊菌 Tuber sinense K. Tao & B. Liu
- 中華夏塊菌 Tuber sinoaestivum J.P. Zhang & P.G. Liu
- 中華白塊菌 Tuber sinoalbidum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- 中華凹陷塊菌 Tuber sinoexcavatum L. Fan & Yu Li
- 中華巨孢塊菌 Tuber sinomonosporum J.Z. Cao & L. Fan
- Tuber sinoniveum S.P. Wan
- 中華短毛塊菌 Tuber sinopuberulum L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- 中華球孢塊菌 Tuber sinosphaerosporum L. Fan, J.Z. Cao & Yu Li
- 松露塊菌 Tuber songlu S.P. Wan
- 球孢塊菌 Tuber sphaerospermum (Malençon) P. Roux, Guy García & M.C. Roux
- Tuber sphaerosporum Gilkey
- Tuber spinoreticulatum Uecker & Burds.
- Tuber suave Pacioni & M. Leonardi, 2021[13]
- Tuber suaveolens Ant. Rodr. & Morte 2021
- 亞球孢塊菌 Tuber subglobosum L. Fan & C.L. Hou
- 太原塊菌 Tuber taiyuanense B. Liu
- Tuber tequilanum G. Guevara, Bonito & Trappe
- 德州塊菌 Tuber texense Heimsch
- 泰國塊菌 Tuber thailandicum Suwannar., Kumla & Lumyong
- Tuber theleascum M. Leonardi, A. Paz, G. Guevara & Pacioni
- 薑黃塊菌 Tuber turmericum L. Fan
- 臍狀塊菌 Tuber umbilicatum Juan Chen & P.G. Liu
- 鈎塊菌 Tuber uncinatum Chatin, 1888
- 單色塊菌 Tuber unicolor Gilkey
- Tuber vacini Velen.
- Tuber verii Pacioni & Lalli
- Tuber verrucosivolvum S.P. Wan
- 囊被塊菌 Tuber vesicoperidium L. Fan
- Tuber walkeri Healy, Bonito & G. Guevara
- Tuber wanglangense L. Fan
- 汶川塊菌 Tuber wenchuanense L. Fan & J.Z. Cao
- Tuber whetstonense J.L. Frank, D. Southw. & Trappe
- 烏蒙塊菌 Tuber wumengense L. Fan
- 黃孢塊菌 Tuber xanthomonosporum Qing & Yun Wang bis
- 西藏塊菌 Tuber xizangense A-S. Xu
- 宣化塊菌 Tuber xuanhuaense L. Fan
- Tuber yigongense L. Fan & W.P. Xiong
- 中甸塊菌 Tuber zhongdianense X.Y. He, Hai M. Li & Y. Wang
參見
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Tuber P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg. 1780. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-07-13].
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008: 708. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hanlin, Richard T. Illustrated genera of ascomycetes. TUBER P. Mich. ex A. Wigg.. St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press. 1990: 126. ISBN 0890541078. OCLC 21300121.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 ROOT TIP: the terminal portion of a root of a tree.ASCUS: the spore bearing sac.. www.tuber.it. [2018-08-12]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-12).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 國立自然科學博物館. 菌類學習資源. [2018-08-13]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-24) (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ 歷時5年調查 世界新種「深脈松露」發表 揭開台灣真菌多樣性珍寶. 環境資訊中心、行政院農業委員會林務局. 2019-03-06 [2023-07-04]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-05).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gryndler, Milan. True Truffle Host Diversity. True Truffle (Tuber spp.) in the World. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2016: 267–281 [2018-08-13]. ISBN 9783319314341. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_16. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-13) (英語).
- ^ Taschen, Elisa; Sauve, Mathieu; Taudiere, Adrien; Parlade, Javier; Selosse, Marc-André; Richard, Franck. Whose truffle is this? Distribution patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity inTuber melanosporumbrûlés developed in multi-host Mediterranean plant communities. Environmental Microbiology. 2015-02-14, 17 (8): 2747–2761. ISSN 1462-2912. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12741.
- ^ Tuber P.Micheli ex F.H.Wigg.. GBIF. [2023-01-25]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-25).
- ^ Javier Isaac de la Fuente, Wendy Rosales-Rosales, César Ramiro Martínez-González, Magdalena Martínez-Reyes, Andrea Carolina Elizondo-Salas and Jesus Perez-Moreno. 2024. Tuber itzcuinzapotl sp. nov. (Tuberaceae, Pezizomycetes), the First Edible Truffle reported from Mexico with Traditional Biocultural Importance. Phytotaxa. 635(3); 206-216. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.635.3.2
- ^ Hyeok Park, Ju-Hui Gwon, Jong-Chul Lee & Ahn-Heum Eom (2021) Report on a New Truffle Species, Tuber koreanum sp. nov., from Korea, Mycobiology, 49:6, 527-533, DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1992089
- ^ Isabel F. Alvarez, Javier Parladé & James M. Trappe (1992) Loculotuber Gennadii Gen. Et Comb. Nov. and Tuber Multimaculatum Sp. Nov., Mycologia, 84:6, 926-929, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1992.12026228
- ^ Leonardi, M.; Salvi, D.; Iotti, M.; Rana, G.L.; Paz-Conde, A.; Pacioni, G. Multilocus Phylogeography of the Tuber mesentericum Complex Unearths Three Highly Divergent Cryptic Species. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121090
外部連結
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