法蘭西斯·史考特·基大橋倒塌事故
位於倒塌大橋下的達利號 | |
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日期 | 2024年3月26日 |
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時間 | 01:28(EDT) |
地點 | ![]() |
座標 | 39°13′1″N 76°31′42″W / 39.21694°N 76.52833°W |
類型 | 橋樑倒塌 |
起因 | 船隻碰撞 |
死亡 | 6(3人確定死亡,3人推定死亡) |
財產損失 | 大橋幾乎全毀;船隻受損起火 |
2024年3月26日凌晨,美國馬里蘭州巴爾的摩的法蘭西斯·史考特·基大橋一根橋墩被貨櫃船達利號碰撞,其後倒塌。[1][2][3][4]
該貨櫃船原定前往斯里蘭卡科倫坡。船員表示船隻在撞上大橋前已出現動力問題,[5]馬上向有關部門求救。[6]當局馬上下令阻止車輛通過大橋[7][8]。此後大橋一度熄燈[9] 。貨船撞塌大橋後,巴爾的摩市消防局發言人表示至少有七輛車落水。[10]至少兩人獲救[11],6人失蹤。失蹤人員被推定死亡,[12]均為大橋上的施工人員。[13]馬里蘭州宣佈進入緊急狀態。[14]之後尋獲2具遇難者遺體以及船隻的黑盒。[15]
天空新聞台採訪工程與建築諮詢公司COWIfonden的大衛·麥肯奇(David MacKenzie)時,麥肯奇表示重建該橋的成本可能高達6億美元。20世紀70年代建造這座橋的成本約為6000萬美元,但是由於交通和通勤的壓力,重建必須迅速進行,導致成本上升。[16]
背景
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_%28Baltimore%29.jpg/220px-The_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_%28Baltimore%29.jpg)
出事的法蘭西斯·史考特·基大橋是一座拱形連續桁架鋼橋,1977年落成通車,從巴爾的摩南方的偏僻社區霍金斯角向東北方向延伸至鄧多克索勒斯角(Sollers Point),中間橫跨通往巴爾的摩港的要道、全美最繁忙的航道帕塔普斯科河[17]。2023年,巴爾的摩港共接待44萬旅客,年入境貨物吞吐量達5230萬噸,貨物總價值800億美元,包括75萬輛汽車[18]。港口共有1.5萬名僱員,另外有14名萬外包員工[19]。
法蘭西斯·史考特·基大橋是全美第二長、全世界第三長的連續鋼桁架橋[20]。大橋全長1.6英里(2.6公里),採用雙向兩車道設計[1],日均有3.4萬輛汽車使用[17],屬於巴爾的摩環路695號州際公路的一部分[18]。早在1980年,大橋就被一艘貨船撞擊,輕微受損[21]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DALI_%2833436121934%29.jpg/220px-DALI_%2833436121934%29.jpg)
肇事的達利號是一艘懸掛新加坡國旗的貨櫃船,由協同海事集團(Synergy Marine Group)負責運營[22],船東為格雷斯海洋私人有限公司(Grace Ocean Private Ltd)[23]。達利號於2015年建成下水,船長300米(980英尺),船寬48米(157英尺),吃水深度12.2米(40英尺)[24]。建成之後,丹麥船運公司快桅就承包了這艘船[25]。2023年,達利號通過了兩次港口檢驗。第一次檢驗於6月份在智利聖安東尼奧完成,當時貨船的燃油壓力監測儀被檢查出問題,隨後修復。第二次檢驗於9月份在美國紐約的海岸警衛隊進行,未發現有問題[26]。
出事的時候,達利號從巴拿馬前往美國,2024年3月19日抵達紐約[27]。抵達紐約後,貨船駛向弗吉尼亞州樸茨茅夫的弗吉尼亞國際港,3月22日啟程前往巴爾的摩,次日抵達[27][28]。船員有22位,均是印度人[29]。
橋下方的主航道預計深50英尺(15米),而美國國家海洋和大氣管理局圖表顯示橋支撐處的深度僅為30英尺(9.1米)左右[30]。
坍塌
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MV_Dali_and_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse_-_240326-A-SE916-6662.jpeg/220px-MV_Dali_and_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse_-_240326-A-SE916-6662.jpeg)
2024年3月26日,北美東部時區凌晨0點44分(UTC4點44分),達利號離開巴爾的摩港[31],出發前往斯里蘭卡科倫坡[32]。船員都是印度人,當時該船由兩名當地的美國引水人駕駛[9]。凌晨1點24分[33][34],達利號徹底停電,開始偏離航道。隨後船員啟用備用發電機,為電力系統臨時供電,但始終沒有給船隻推進系統供上電[19]。凌晨1點26分,該船發出Mayday求救信號[34],向馬里蘭州交通局通報船隻失去推進力,目前已失控,有撞上大橋的危險[6];船上的其中一位駕駛員要求當地立即關閉大橋[1][35][36][37]。船隻一度失去照明,不久後恢復,之後再次斷電,又到撞上大橋前重新點亮,同時船隻的煙囪冒出煙霧[9][38]。按照駕駛員的要求,馬里蘭州交通警察凌晨1點27分53秒派員前往關閉大橋雙向車道,20秒後在大橋南側封閉了北向車道。至1點28分58秒,當局在大橋北側封閉了南向車道時,船隻已經撞上大橋[39]。據新加坡海事及港口管理局稱,船隻在撞橋前按照他們的應急程序拋錨[1]。
凌晨1點28分45秒[40][41][42],船隻撞向大橋金屬桁架下方,以及主跨西南端支撐柱,時速約為8.7節(16.1公里每小時;10.0英里每小時)[18]。自動識別系統數據顯示,凌晨1點25分,也就是船隻偏離航道的時候,船速為8.7節(16.1公里每小時;10.0英里每小時)。之後速度逐漸下降,兩分鐘後撞橋時降為6.8節(12.6公里每小時;7.8英里每小時)[38][43]。撞橋幾秒後,大橋主跨開始解體[44],部分鋼架解構露出水面,橋面整個沉入水底[18]。大橋的主跨掉進了貨船的船首[1][45]。大橋受到撞擊及部分垮塌的場景被記錄下來[46]。
大橋垮塌的時候,橋上還有幾輛車,但最初消息表示事發時橋上無人[18]。馬里蘭州運輸部長保羅·維德菲爾德透露,事發時有工人在大橋上修復橋面坑窪[18] 。後來消息指事發時工人正在他們的車裏休息[47]。住在大橋附近的居民表示,大橋垮塌的時候,他被隆隆的聲響吵醒,房子都震了起來,「感覺就像地震」[18]。
凌晨1點30分,醫護人員收到求救電話[1]。1點35分,巴爾的摩警察局接獲大橋垮塌的報警,隨即啟動大規模搜救行動[46]。美國海岸警衛隊派出船隻與直升機參與搜救[1]。50名潛水員分成8隊潛入水底[1],搜尋落水者[48]。
損害
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_southern_truss_support.jpg/220px-Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_southern_truss_support.jpg)
達利號對大橋西南側主跨支撐柱的撞擊,給大橋造成了嚴重的損害,桁架頓時解體[49]。由於事發大橋依靠連續桁架維持完整性,大橋南跨及中跨(位於被撞橋墩的兩側)垮塌後,北邊的部分(第三個跨度)也隨即坍塌[46],每一部分只需幾秒就坍塌,整個主跨落入水中的時間不到半分鐘[50]。大橋完全遵守建築規範[1]。事實上,大橋有繫船柱和擋泥板保護大橋不受撞擊,但這些保護措施顯然無濟於事[51][52][53]。
達利號船上的4700個貨櫃箱中,有13個在大橋垮塌後被壓壞[54],另外有兩個貨櫃箱落入水中,但沒有裝載有害物質[55]。船隻在吃水線以上的船體被橋樑桁架的殘存部分刺穿[56],同時桁架往河床方向擠壓船隻[57]。船保持水密狀態[56],船公司表示事發後船隻沒有造成直接的水污染[58][59]。3月27日,國家運輸安全委員會宣佈調查從破損集裝箱中泄露的危險物質,包括腐蝕易燃材料和鋰電池[60]。據報有56個集裝箱裝有腐蝕性和易燃材料,重量約為764噸,其中一些已泄露[61]。
傷亡
[編輯]據美國海洋大氣局資料,大橋垮塌時附近水域水溫為47 °F(8 °C)[18]。救起的兩人中,一人情況「危殆」,另一人未受傷[62],獲救者中一人為墨西哥公民[23]。失蹤者皆為大橋施工人員,美國海岸警衛隊暫停搜救工作後,已被推定死亡[63] [1][64][65]。已確認一人為洪都拉斯公民,兩人為危地馬拉公民,其他則來自薩爾瓦多和墨西哥[23][34]。
據聲納探測,至少有五部車輛落水,包括三輛客車、一輛混凝土攪拌車。救援人員亦使用了無人機與紅外技術進行搜救[40]。救援人員已從一輛皮卡車內打撈起兩具遺體,分別屬於一位35歲墨西哥國民和一位26歲危地馬拉國民[66]。遺體發現處位於大橋中段垂直下方25英尺(7.6米)深的水中[67]。4月5日,救援人員從一輛沉沒的汽車中找到失蹤的38歲洪都拉斯國民遺體,另有一49歲薩爾瓦多公民及35歲危地馬拉公民已確認失蹤[68][69]。
應為本次橋樑垮塌負責的船組人員未受損傷[58]。但印度外交部稱,該船一名印度船員受輕傷,需要縫針治療[55]。
調查
[編輯]外部影片連結 | |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/FBI_Evidence_Response_Team_Key_Bridge.webp/220px-FBI_Evidence_Response_Team_Key_Bridge.webp.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meeting_with_Federal_Partners_%2853615433874%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_Federal_Partners_%2853615433874%29.jpg)
國家運輸安全委員會(NTSB)啟動調查,向事發地點派出調查團隊[70][71]。該機構預計在事發的兩至四周內發佈初步報告,隨後發佈緊急安全建議,整個調查行動預計持續一到兩年[72]。3月27日,國家運輸安全委員會主席詹妮弗·霍曼迪表示大橋沒有冗餘的支撐結構,但凡拿掉一個橋墩,整個主跨都會坍塌[40]。聯邦調查局也派員調查現場,已排除恐怖主義動機[18]。
新加坡運輸安全調查局與海事及港口管理局向巴爾的摩派出調查人員。新加坡海事局表示已請求美國國家運輸安全委員會及海事安全辦公室提供協助[73]。3月26日的晚些時候,美國國家運輸安全委員會登上出事的達利號,檢獲船載航程資料記錄儀,用於協助調查人員了解事發經過[74][75]調查人員考慮船隻失去動力的幾個可能因素,包括燃料受污染、燃料等級不正確[76][77]。
後續
[編輯]事件幾乎切斷了巴爾的摩港所有的海運通道,部分貨船滯留在港口[9]。3月26日,達飛海運集團率先宣佈不可抗力後,中國遠洋運輸集團和長榮海運也宣佈,意味着他們需要在備用港口卸下原本要運往巴爾的摩的貨物[78]。事件也對航運業產生重大影響,多家航運公司競相尋找備用港口,趕在費用延期產生滯納金開始收費前進行陸路運輸[78]。整個巴爾的摩,只有大橋臨海一側的麻雀角大西洋貿易點海運碼頭不受影響[79]。
凌晨4點09分,美國聯邦航空管理局發佈臨時飛行限制,禁止飛機在大橋周邊區域航行,包括無人航空載具。禁令於4點15分生效[80]。
受事件影響,3月26日,達利號承包商馬士基在哥本哈根證券交易所開盤跌2%[18]。馬士基無限期暫停了所有通往巴爾的摩的航線[71]。
3月28日,在巴爾的摩金鶯的賽季揭幕戰中,三名在大橋垮塌前迅速封閉道路的馬里蘭交通局職員受到表彰[81]。
打撈
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chesapeake_1000_at_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse_%2853620746314%29.jpg/170px-Chesapeake_1000_at_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse_%2853620746314%29.jpg)
美國陸軍工兵部隊率先移走橋樑的坍塌部分,美國海軍計劃利用配有重型起重機的駁船移走沒入水中的部分,包括可以舉起1,000短噸(890長噸;910公噸)重物品的美國東海岸最大起重機船「切薩皮克1000號」[61][82]。打撈工作由海洋解決負責[57]。32名陸軍工兵、38名海軍承辦人員與1100多名工程專家參與現場工作[83][84]。大橋周圍還有7架浮吊、10艘拖船、9艘駁船、8艘救助船和5艘海岸警衛隊船隻[85]。3月30日,工程師開始從河上拆除大橋的第一部分[86][87][88]。4月1日,美國海岸警衛隊為參與搜救行動的商業船隻開闢臨時航道[89],同時逐艘批准船舶通行[90]。至4月2日,首艘工作船啟用了備用航道,該船從特拉華州多佛空軍基地拖來一艘燃料駁船。次日,第二條臨時航道開通,第三條航道開通中[91]。4月7日,打撈團隊開始移走達利號的集裝箱[92][93]。工兵部隊初估清理航道需要幾個禮拜的時間,而不是幾個月[94],而熟悉打撈工作的專家則認為航道最早要5月份才能重新開放[95]。4月4日,工兵部隊表示計劃在月底前為駁船及滾裝船開闢一條限制通行的單行道,5月底前開放整個麥克亨利堡海峽[96][97]。
5月13日,工程人員炸毀卡在達利號船上的大橋桁架[98]。5月20日,達利號被拖離出事海域[99][100]。
長期
[編輯]截至3月27日,695號州際公路173號公路到157號公路之間的路段維持關閉[101]。前往巴爾的摩港車輛需要繞行到95號州際公路和895號州際公路,分別從95號公路的麥克亨利堡隧道、895號公路的巴爾的摩港隧道穿越巴爾的摩港。裝有有害物質及超出隧道垂直間隙的車輛需要沿695號州際公路西段繞道行駛。[9][102]。甚至弗吉尼亞州的司機都收到了有關橋樑倒塌造成交通延誤的警告[18]。
斯泰蘭蒂斯和通用汽車宣佈將車輛轉移到其他港口進口,豐田汽車表示部分汽車出口受到影響[103]。事故也讓位於庫蒂斯灣的梅賽德斯-平治碼頭及CSX運輸碼頭,以及康索爾能源的碼頭處於失戀狀態[104]。4月1日,CSX安排巴爾的摩的進口貨物經新路線分流到紐約和紐澤西港[105]。4月4日,CSX完成首批分流貨物的運輸工作。與此同時,諾福克南方鐵路於4月3日宣佈為分流到紐約的貨物開闢專用的線路[106]。
州長摩爾表示事件已成為「全球危機」,有8000個工作崗位受到影響。專家估計受水道航運關閉期間,每日損失高達1500萬美元[61]。另一方面,部分經濟學家認為巴爾的摩港關閉不太可能影響美國經濟的增長[107]。鄧白氏估計港口關閉會導致供應鏈中斷,繼而產生每周17億美元的經濟損失[108][109]。3月28日,紐約州州長凱西·霍赫爾、新澤西州州長菲爾·墨菲分別安排受影響的貨船轉運到他們州的港口,儘量減少供應商中斷的影響[110]。
馬里蘭州參議院主席比爾·弗格森、馬里蘭州眾議院議員盧克·克利平格提出一項緊急法案,為受災害影響的工人提供收入替代[111]。共和黨籍參議員布萊恩·西蒙奈爾和約翰尼·雷·薩林提出另一項法案,允許州長在基礎設施嚴重受損的時候宣佈長達一年的緊急狀態,期間政府可以徵用私人財產[112];在與摩爾政府商談後,布萊恩撤銷了這個法案[113]。而經過與摩爾政府的商談,弗格森在法案中增加條款,計劃為罹難維修工人的子女設立州獎學金[113]。4月8日,州議會通過一項為港口工人提供州雨天基金救濟的法案[114][115],法案次日由州長摩爾簽署生效[116]。
3月30日,美國小企業管理局宣佈為受事件影響的中大西洋州份小企業提供高達200萬美元的低息長期貸款[117]。截至4月4日,該局共收到500份貸款申請[118]。
在美國陸軍工兵部隊清理水道的工作完成之前,除了不受影響的麻雀角港口之外[79],巴爾的摩的其他港口都關閉[119]。
巴克萊銀行和Morningstar DBRS預計為受害者賠付10億至40億美元,倫敦勞合社主席布魯斯·卡內基·布朗估計賠付總金額會超過2012年歌詩達協和號觸礁事故,創下海上保險賠付紀錄之最;穆迪評級方面認為賠付金額的大部分由再保險公司負責[120][121]。馬里蘭州政府為橋樑購買了3.5億美元的損壞賠償,而該橋1977年建造時的成本為6000萬美元[122]。
4月1日,達利號船東Grace Ocean Private和Synergy Marine Group向美國馬里蘭聯邦地區法院遞交共同申請書,希望根據《1851年責任限制法》,將他們承擔的賠償金限制在4360萬美元左右[123][124]。案件被認為是「近十年來最具爭議的海上保險案件之一」,預計需要長達10年的時間來完成司法程序[125][126]。
反應
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_Biden_briefing_on_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse.png/220px-President_Biden_briefing_on_the_Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse.png)
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喬·拜登總統聽取了有關這場災難的簡報。 在當天晚些時候的一次演講中,拜登表示,他將要求國會為這座橋的重建提供資金。[127]4月5日,拜登總統乘坐海軍陸戰隊一號視察大橋坍塌現場,隨後聽取地方政府官員、海岸警衛隊及陸軍工程兵匯報。拜登承諾,聯邦政府將支持橋樑更換和恢復工作「每一步」,並稱「國家支持你們」。會後,拜登還會見了遇難者家屬[128][129]。
美國運輸部長皮特·布蒂吉格聯繫了馬裏蘭州州長韋斯·摩爾和巴爾的摩市長布蘭登·史考特,以提供其部門的支持。[130] 摩爾還將橋樑的倒塌描述為「令人心碎」,而馬裏蘭州歷史文化中心副總裁大衛·貝盧表示,這場災難「從根本上改變了我們的港口、港口和許多家庭」。摩爾也以西班牙語向罹難者家屬表示,"Estamos contigo, ahora y siempre"(我們現在和永遠與你們同在)[72]。
墨西哥駐馬裏蘭州領事拉斐爾·拉韋加訪問巴爾的摩,會見墨西哥罹難者家屬。 他證實,其中一名獲救者來自米卻肯州,而仍失蹤的兩人則來自米卻肯州和韋拉克魯斯州。 墨西哥駐美國大使館正在向這些家庭提供領事協助,並為受影響的墨西哥國民提供專用電話線。[131] 墨西哥總統安德烈斯·曼努埃爾·洛佩斯·奧夫拉多爾表示,這場災難「表明移民在午夜外出從事危險工作」,並批評「美國某些麻木不仁、不負責任的政客」對待他們的方式。[132]
參見
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- ^ UPDATE 1: Unified Command commences bridge wreckage removal for Key Bridge Response 2024. Key Bridge Response 2024 (新聞稿). Baltimore: Key Bridge Response 2024 Unified Command. 2024-03-30 [2024-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-31).
- ^ UPDATE 2 Multimedia Release: Unified Command commenced bridge wreckage removal for Key Bridge Response 2024. Key Bridge Response 2024 (新聞稿). Baltimore: Key Bridge Response 2024 Unified Command. 2024-03-30 [2024-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-31).
- ^ A channel has opened for vessels clearing wreckage at the Baltimore bridge collapse site. Associated Press. 2024-04-01 [2024-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-01).
- ^ LaRocco, Lori Ann. How the Coast Guard is carefully letting ships back into Baltimore port for bridge cleanup. CNBC. 2024-04-01 [2024-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-01).
- ^ Skene, Lea. Second channel opened allowing some vessels to bypass wreckage at the Baltimore bridge collapse site. Associated Press. 2024-04-02 [2024-04-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-02).
- ^ Salvage crews have begun removing containers from the ship that collapsed Baltimore's Key bridge. Associated Press. 2024-04-07 [2024-04-08].
- ^ LaRocco, Lori Ann. Dali container removal will take weeks, a key to Port of Baltimore reopening. CNBC. 2024-04-08 [2024-04-09].
- ^ Faheid, Dalia; Sangal, Aditi; Watson, Michelle; Williams, Ashley R.; Dewberry, Sarah. Reopening the Port of Baltimore could take weeks as colossal wreckage cleanup gets underway, officials say. CNN. 2024-03-31 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-03).
- ^ Isidore, Chris. Port of Baltimore could reopen as soon as May, expert says. CNN. 2024-03-28 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-04).
- ^ Hellgren, Mike; Thompson, Adam; Kushner, Kelsey. Port of Baltimore to reopen for normal operations by end of May, 2 months after Key Bridge collapse. WJZ. 2024-04-04 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-04).
- ^ Skene, Lea. Engineers clearing collapsed Baltimore bridge say limited-access channel to port to open in 4 weeks. Associated Press. 2024-04-04 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-04).
- ^ Collapsed Baltimore bridge span comes down with a boom after crews set off chain of explosives. Associated Press. 2024-05-13 [2024-05-13].
- ^ Skene, Lea. Tugboats escort ship that caused deadly Baltimore bridge collapse back to port. Associated Press. 2024-05-20 [2024-05-21].
- ^ UPDATE 29: Photo Release: M/V Dali refloated, moved away from Key Bridge. Key Bridge Incident. 2024-05-20.
- ^ Key Bridge News. Maryland Transportation Authority. [2024-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-27).
- ^ Mattu, Rohan. How to travel around the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse in Baltimore: A look at the traffic impact and alternate routes. Baltimore, MD: WJZ-TV. 2024-03-26 [2024-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-27).
- ^ Boudette, Neal E. Automakers say they are rerouting car shipments away from Baltimore.
. The New York Times. 2024-03-26 [2024-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-26).
- ^ Impact of Baltimore port closure on global supply chains. France 24. 2024-03-28 [2024-03-29]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-29).
- ^ LaRocco, Lori Ann. Railroad CSX adding new freight route on Tuesday to avoid Port of Baltimore after bridge collapse. CNBC. 2024-04-01 [2024-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-02).
- ^ LaRocco, Lori Ann. CSX completes first diverted cargo shipments on new rail line for Port of Baltimore. CNBC. 2024-04-04 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-04).
- ^ Picciotto, Rebecca. Baltimore bridge collapse poses little threat to U.S. economic growth, experts say. CNBC. 2024-03-26 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-03).
- ^ Young, Liz. Baltimore Bridge Collapse Triggers Extensive, Costly Logistics Diversions. The Wall Street Journal (News Corp). 2024-04-03 [2024-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-03).
- ^ Northam, Jackie. Baltimore's Key Bridge collapse is expected to disrupt supply chains. NPR. 2024-03-27 [2024-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-03).
- ^ Barges are bringing cranes to Baltimore to help remove bridge wreckage and open shipping route. Associated Press. 2024-03-28 [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-28).
- ^ Wood, Pamela. Lawmakers work on emergency aid to Port of Baltimore workers following Key Bridge collapse. The Baltimore Banner. 2024-03-27 [2024-03-27]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-29).
- ^ Sears, Bryan P.; Ford, William J. Republicans propose changes to state of emergency order following bridge collapse. Maryland Matters. 2024-03-28 [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-28).
- ^ 113.0 113.1 Wood, Pamela. How lawmakers plan to help workers, businesses affected by Baltimore port disruptions. The Baltimore Banner. 2024-04-02 [2024-04-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-02) (英語).
- ^ Witte, Brian. Maryland lawmakers OK bill to aid to port employees after Baltimore bridge collapse at session's end. Associated Press. 2024-04-08 [2024-04-09].
- ^ Witte, Brian. A glance at some of the legislation approved in the Maryland General Assembly. Associated Press. 2024-04-09 [2024-04-09].
- ^ Sesay, Ya-Marie. Governor Moore to provide financial support to employees, families of Baltimore bridge collapse. DC News Now. 2024-04-09 [2024-04-09].
- ^ Iacurci, Greg. Baltimore bridge collapse a 'national economic catastrophe,' says Maryland governor. CNBC. 2024-03-31 [2024-04-01]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-31).
- ^ What we know about the Baltimore bridge collapse as a third body is found and Biden visits. Associated Press. 2024-04-04 [2024-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-04).
- ^ Baltimore Bridge Strike Could be the Most Expensive Marine Casualty Ever. The Maritime Executive. [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-29).
- ^ Reid, Jenni. Baltimore disaster may be the largest-ever marine insurance payout, Lloyd's boss says. CNBC. 2024-03-28 [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-28).
- ^ Demos, Telis. Baltimore Bridge Collapse Could Fuel Reinsurance Pricing. The Wall Street Journal (News Corp). 2024-04-01 [2024-04-01].
- ^ Eaglesham, Jean. Lawyers Gear Up for Swift Start in Legal Fight Over Baltimore Bridge
. The Wall Street Journal (News Corp). 2024-03-28 [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-28).
- ^ Kunzelman, Michael; Boone, Rebecca. Cargo ship's owner and manager seek to limit legal liability for deadly bridge disaster in Baltimore. Associated Press. 2024-04-01 [2024-04-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-01).
- ^ PETITION FOR EXONERATION FROM OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Maryland. 2024-04-01 [2024-04-08].
Petitioners, through undersigned counsel DUANE MORRIS LLP and BLANK ROME LLP ...
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
WSJ 3-28-2024
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Gross, Jenny; Forsythe, Michael; Flitter, Emily; Eavis, Peter. Who Will Pay for the Baltimore Bridge Collapse?. The New York Times. 2024-04-05 [2024-04-05]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-05).
- ^ Biden pledges support for Baltimore in wake of Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse. ABC News. 2024-03-26 [2024-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-27).
- ^ Weissert, Will. Biden tours collapsed Baltimore bridge as clearing proceeds and declares 'your nation has your back'. Associated Press. 2024-04-05 [2024-04-05]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-05).
- ^ Cox, Erin; Jouvenal, Justin; Viser, Matt; Armus, Teo. President Biden visits Baltimore to survey bridge collapse site. The Washington Post. 2024-04-05 [2024-04-05].
- ^ Buttigieg, Pete [@SecretaryPete]. I've spoken with Gov. Moore and Mayor Scott to offer USDOT's support following the vessel strike and collapse of the Francis Scott Key bridge. (推文). 2024-03-26 [2024-03-26] –透過Twitter.
- ^ Hernández, Ángel. Mexicanos desaparecidos en el puente en Baltimore son de Veracruz y Michoacán [Mexicans missing on Baltimore bridge are from Veracruz and Michoacán]. Milenio. 2024-03-27 [2024-03-30] (西班牙語).
- ^ Escalón, Claudio. Central American and Mexican families mourn the workers lost in the Baltimore bridge collapse. Associated Press. 2024-03-27 [2024-03-28]. (原始內容存檔於2024-03-27).
外部連結
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