馬德琳·麥卡恩失蹤事件
此條目翻譯品質不佳。 (2023年7月26日) |
馬德琳·麥卡恩 | |
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![]() 2007年馬德琳3歲時的照片,右側是法庭素描師推測出2012年馬德琳9歲的樣子[1] | |
出生 | 馬德琳·貝絲·麥卡恩 2003年5月12日 ![]() |
失蹤 | 2007年5月3日(3歲)![]() 37°05′19″N 8°43′51″W / 37.0886565°N 8.7308398°W |
失蹤情況 | 已失蹤17年3個月又12天 |
父母 | 格里·麥卡恩 凱特·麥卡恩(本姓希利) |
特徵 | 金色直髮;左眼綠藍色;右眼綠色虹膜上有明顯斑點;左小腿上有小型褐色胎記 |
調查者 | 葡萄牙司法警察 李斯特郡警察 倫敦警察廳(蘇格蘭場) |
聯繫 | Operation Grange(蘇格蘭場);瑪德琳基金會 |
馬德琳·麥肯失蹤事件是2007年5月3日晚發生在葡萄牙阿爾加維普拉亞·達·盧什的一件女童失蹤案。女童名叫馬德琳·貝絲·麥卡恩(英語:Madeleine Beth McCann,2003年5月12日—),當時只有三歲。此案是現代歷史上最知名的人口失蹤案之一,麥卡恩的行蹤至今不明。[2]
瑪德琳當時正在葡萄牙與父母凱特(Kate)和格里·麥卡恩(Gerry McCann)及其他家庭成員一起度假。其父母在晚上八時半離開在公寓一樓睡覺的她和其孿生胞弟前往50米(160英尺)外的餐廳就餐。[3] 晚上10點時其母發現瑪德琳失蹤,葡萄牙警方最初認為這是一起誘拐綁架案,但後來誤讀英國發出的DNA分析報告而誤判瑪德琳已經死亡。[4] 2007年9月其父母被懷疑謀殺了女孩,但次年7月得以澄清,當月葡萄牙司法部長宣佈結案。[5]
在2011年5月蘇格蘭場在英國內政大臣的要求下宣佈展開格蘭赫行動(Operation Grange)介入調查前,麥卡恩夫婦一直僱用私人偵探進行調查。2013年10月葡萄牙警方也開始重新調查此案,當月蘇格蘭場發佈了嫌犯的電子合成照片,其中一張照片顯示一名男子攜帶着瑪德琳在事發當晚走向沙灘。此外包括J·K·羅琳在內的社會各界人士給此案提供了懸賞金。[6]
這樁失蹤案引發了廣泛的國際關注。麥卡恩夫婦在瑪德琳失蹤後被錯誤地認為涉嫌謀殺而遭到來自推特和各種小報的人身攻擊,[7] 2008年他們收到了賠償金及來自英國出版商北殼集團的道歉,這也導致要求限制新聞輿論的聲音增強。[8][9]2020年,德國檢察官假定馬德琳·麥卡恩死亡,並且表示一名43歲德國籍連環性侵犯「克里斯坦·B(Christian B)」涉有重嫌。[10]
背景
[編輯]人物
[編輯]瑪德琳麥卡恩
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EU_location_POR.png/220px-EU_location_POR.png)
瑪德琳出生於2003年5月12日,住在英國的李斯特洛斯雷。她擁有着金髮碧眼,在側小腿有小形棕色胎記,因患有虹膜異色症,導致雙眼呈現藍色和綠色,並在右眼的綠色虹膜上有一條獨特的深色條紋[11]。2009年,英國警方為麥卡恩夫婦提供了一張瑪德琳6歲的年代進展圖,並在2012年提供了9歲的[12][13]。
凱特和格里麥卡恩
[編輯]瑪德琳的父母均為羅馬天主教徒。母親凱特麥卡恩先後就讀於安菲爾德的諸聖學校和埃弗頓谷的聖母高中,並於 1992 年畢業於登地大學,獲得醫學學位。她曾短暫地進入了婦產科,然後再進入了麻醉科,最後是全科[14]。
父親格里麥卡恩於1968年出生於格拉斯哥,曾就讀於荷里路德中學,並在1989年從格拉斯哥大學畢業完成生理學/運動科學學士學位。1992 年,他獲得了醫學資格,並於 2002 年獲得了來自格拉斯哥的醫學博士學位。2005 年以來,他一直是李斯特格倫菲爾德醫院的心臟病專家顧問[15] 。麥卡恩夫婦於 1993 年在格拉斯哥相識,並於 1998 年結婚。有三個孩子,分別是2003年出生瑪德琳和2005年出生的龍鳳胎西恩(Sean)和艾米莉(Emelie) [16]。
塔帕斯七人
[編輯]麥卡恩夫婦在案發當時在與七個朋友和八個孩子一起度假,其中包括瑪德琳和瑪德琳弟妹[17]。晚上20:30九位大人一般都在度假村的塔帕斯餐廳一起用餐,因此媒體將這七個大人為「塔帕斯七人」 [18]。塔帕斯七人中包括菲奧娜和大衛佩恩斯,他們都是醫生,他們家庭中前往的成員包括他們的兩個孩子以及菲奧娜的母親黛安韋巴富特。麥卡恩與佩恩斯相識多年。凱特在2000年在李斯特綜合醫院的重症監護室工作時認識菲奧娜[19]。陪同他們的是佩恩斯最初介紹給麥卡恩家族的兩對夫婦,營銷經理簡·坦納 (Jane Tanner) 和她的合夥人、醫生拉塞爾·奧布萊恩 (Russell O'Brien),他們都帶着兩個孩子去度假,以及另一位醫生馬修·奧德菲爾德 (Matthew Oldfield)與他的妻子、律師雷切爾·奧爾德菲爾德和他們的女兒在一起。多年來,格里、拉塞爾和馬修一直在一起工作[17][18]。根據簡.唐納的報告,她曾看到一名男子從45分鐘前報導瑪德琳度假村攜帶孩子帶走失蹤成為案件的最討論方面之一[20]。
案發地點
[編輯]2007年4月28日,麥肯一家抵達葡萄牙阿爾加維大區普拉亞達盧茲村,開啟為期七個夜晚的春假。普拉亞達盧茲村人口1000,因是英國人度假定居的熱門地點,固有「小英國」之稱[21]。麥肯一家通過英國度假公司馬克·華納公司租下阿戈斯蒂尼奧·達席爾瓦博士路5A的一間公寓,房東為利物浦的一位退休教師[22]。
公寓位於地下層,有兩間臥室,屬於水邊村(Waterside Village)公寓群的第五棟,地處馬克華納公司旗下海洋俱樂部(Ocean Club)度假村的附近[23]。麥肯一家的鄰居有住在5B的馬修和蕾切爾·奧德菲爾德(Matthew and Rachel Oldfield)、5D的珍·坦納和羅素·奧布萊恩(Jane Tanner and Russell O'Brien),以及同棟一樓的佩恩斯和黛安·韋巴富特(Paynes and Dianne Webster)[24]。由於處在阿戈斯蒂尼奧·達席爾瓦博士路和弗朗西斯科·讓蒂爾·馬丁斯博士路的交界處,外人可以從兩邊進入5A[25]。從客廳後方的滑動玻璃露台門可俯瞰海洋俱樂部的游泳池、網球場、小吃餐廳和酒吧,也可以前往公用的讓蒂爾·馬丁斯博士路,來到通往5A棟陽台及客廳的小門及台階。5A棟的前門則位於達席爾瓦博士路海洋俱樂部街區的對面[26][27]。
麥凱恩的兩個孩子睡靠近的前門的臥室,房門一直被麥凱恩一家鎖住。臥室有一個帶窗簾的齊腰高窗戶,窗簾後是一個在外面的百葉窗,由窗內的繩索控制。整個假期里,麥凱恩一直拉上百葉窗和窗簾。從窗戶可以俯瞰狹窄的行人路和居民停車場,後者有一堵矮牆和道路分開[28]。馬德琳睡在靠近臥室房門、窗戶對面的單人床,同時雙胞胎的旅行嬰兒床放在房間中間,窗下還有一張單人床[26]。
案發過程
[編輯]白天:麥肯家庭活動
[編輯]5月3日星期四是麥肯一家假期的倒數第二。吃完早餐,瑪德琳問:「昨天晚上(哥哥)和我哭的時候,你們怎麼沒有過來?」瑪德琳失蹤後,父母懷疑這句話意味着晚上有人進了他們的房間。另外,母親注意到馬德琳睡衣上衣有一個很大的棕色污點[29]。
上午,父母帶兩個孩子在度假村的兒童俱樂部(Kids' Club)玩,中午在公寓吃午飯,之後到泳池玩水[26]。下午2點29分,凱特給瑪德琳拍了最後一張公開的照片,當時瑪德琳與父親及兩歲的妹妹坐在泳池邊[30]。之後孩子回到兒童俱樂部,當晚6點和母親回到5A,父親則去上網球課[26]。晚上7點左右,父母哄孩子們上床睡覺,瑪德琳穿着瑪莎百貨的粉白相間屹耳短袖睡衣,旁邊有一條安撫巾,還有毛絨玩具抱抱貓(Cuddle Cat)[31]。
晚上8點30分:小吃餐廳
[編輯]晚上8點30分,夫婦倆離開5A,陪朋友到海洋俱樂部泳池邊的露天小吃餐廳吃飯[32]。5A與餐廳直線距離55米(180英尺),但去餐廳要走過一條公用道路,來到海洋俱樂部度假村的大門,之後再穿過度假村到泳池另一邊,全程82米(295英尺)[33]。從公寓樓樓頂可以看到小吃餐廳,但看不到大門。由於露台的門只能從裏面鎖,麥肯一直拉上門,但沒有鎖,窗簾也拉開,方便他們隨時回去觀察孩子的動態。露台台階頂部有一個兒童安全鎖,底部有一扇矮門,矮門通向大街[32]。
度假村員工在泳池接待區的留言簿留下一條字條,要求在麥肯一家假期最後四晚的晚上8點半給夫婦倆及朋友預訂能俯瞰公寓的那張桌子,方便家長們監督在公寓裏睡覺的孩子。案發後,凱特推測綁匪看過那張字條[34]。大約每隔半個小時,麥肯夫婦和朋友會回去看孩子。當晚9點05分左右,蓋瑞第一次回5A看孩子。據他回憶,當時孩子睡得很沉很安穩,但原本虛掩的房間全開了,於是他把門關上,之後回到餐廳[32]。
晚上9點15分:坦納的發現
[編輯]小吃餐廳七人組的簡·坦納注意到一名帶着孩子的男子,她的發現成為早期調查的關鍵。當時是晚上9點,坦納離開餐廳,回去看完女兒,途徑讓蒂爾·馬丁斯博士路時碰到加里,後者9點05分回去查看完,正在回餐廳的路上。加里停下了和一位英國的度假旅客聊天[35],但兩個人都不記得見過坦納。由於博士路比較窄,葡萄牙警方聽完坦納的證詞覺得十分困惑,開始指責坦納編造了目擊事件[36]。
據坦納向警方表示,大約9點15分,她注意眼前有一名男子正帶着一個小朋友路過讓蒂爾·馬丁斯路和達席爾瓦路交界的十字路口。男子離瑪德琳的睡房不遠,一直往5A公寓前門反方向朝東走去[37]。在最初的調查中,男子步行方向成為關鍵系哪所,因為他正朝33歲英裔葡萄牙男子羅伯特·穆拉特[錨點失效]的家走去,而他的家就在5A附近,所以穆拉特成為本案第一嫌疑人[38][20][39]。
男子懷裏抱着的孩子穿着一件淺粉色睡衣,褲腿及袖口處有花卉的圖案,與瑪德琳所穿的衣服類似。坦納形容這個男子白皮膚、黑髮、身高1.7米(5.7英尺)、35到40歲左右,從相貌上看似南歐人或地中海沿岸地區人。男子上身穿着一件黑色夾克,下身是一條金色(或淺褐色)的褲子,完全不是遊客的打扮。凱特表示,瑪德琳報告失蹤後,坦納就將這條消息告訴給葡萄牙警方,對方直到5月25日才向媒體公開了情況[40]。瑪德琳基金會請了一位法庭畫家畫這名男子的素描,於2007年10月公開[41][42]。
憑藉這個重要的發現,調查人員確認了案發時間,但蘇格蘭場的人認為男子抱着的是紅鯡魚[43]。2013年10月,蘇格蘭場將坦納看到的男子認定為一名英國度假者,當時這位度假者回海洋俱樂部的夜間托兒所接女兒回公寓[44]。他們讓度假者穿上跟當晚一樣和類似的衣服,用坦納所述的姿勢站着,拍下他的照片。男子女兒所穿的睡衣和坦納報告的一樣。農莊行動(Operation Grange)首席警探、總督察安迪·雷德伍德(Andy Redwood)表示,他們「幾乎可以確認」坦納所見與綁架案無關[43][45]。
晚上10點:史密斯的發現
[編輯]否認坦納的發現對確認案發時間非常重要後,調查人員把重心放在當晚另一位帶着孩子的男子身上。這位男子由馬丁和瑪麗·史密斯2007年5月26日向葡萄牙警方報告[46]。2013年,蘇格蘭場認為史密斯夫婦的發現確定了瑪德琳被綁架的大概時間[6][47]。
晚上10點左右,史密斯夫婦在離麥肯公寓500碼(460米)的小學街(Rua da Escola Primária)看到一名男子離開海洋俱樂部前往4月25日街(Rua 25 de Abril)和沙灘,帶着一名約莫三四歲的女孩。女孩棕色頭髮、白皮膚,穿着淺色睡衣,光着腳,男子30歲左右,1米75到1米8(5.7英尺到7.5英尺),身材苗條,棕色短髮,穿着奶油色或米色長褲[48][49]。在麥肯夫婦的聘請下,奧克利國際(Oakley International)於2008年根據史密斯夫婦的證詞生成男子的電腦合成影像,後來蘇格蘭場於2013年在英國廣播公司《英國犯罪觀察》上首次公開該圖像[50]。
晚上10點:失蹤報告
[編輯]凱特原本要在9點30分回去看孩子,但七人組中的馬修·奧德費爾德也要去旁邊的5A看孩子,順道看了凱特的孩子。馬修發現麥肯家的兒童房房門打開,但裏頭沒有動靜傳出。馬修沒有進房間看瑪德琳在不在,也記不清房間窗戶和外面的百葉窗當時有沒有打開。在早期的調查中,葡萄牙警方指責奧德費爾德參與其中,因為他自願提出幫忙看孩子,有可能通過睡房窗戶將瑪德琳遞給其他人[26][51]。
晚上10點左右,凱特回5A檢查。蘇格蘭場於2013年表示瑪德琳可能這在這個時間點之前被人帶走的[52]。據凱特會議,她通過公寓後面未上鎖的露台門進入,發現孩子們的睡房房門打開。就在她打算關門的時候,一股強勁的氣流砰的一下關上了房門,由此看到睡房窗戶和百葉窗打開着。瑪德琳的搖籃貓和毛巾還在床上,人倒是不見了。稍微檢查完公寓,凱特急忙跑回餐廳,大喊「瑪德琳丟了!有人帶走了她!」[53]。
大約10點10分,加里派馬修·奧德費爾德去度假村的接待處報警,10點30分度假村啟動失蹤兒童搜索機制[54],出動60名員工及遊客四處找人,直至凌晨4點30分。最初大家認為瑪德琳迷路了,其中一人向第四台《新聞快遞》欄目表示整個盧什都可以聽到搜索人員在叫瑪德琳的名字[55]。
初期反應
[編輯]葡萄牙警方行動
[編輯]國家憲兵共和國國民警衛隊的兩名警察從5英里(8公里)遠的拉古什趕來,晚上11點10分抵達度假村[56]。結束完凌晨的簡要搜查,他們通報了附近波爾蒂芒的司法警察。凱特回憶司法警察在凌晨1點剛過的時候到場[57]。根據警察所述,接警不到10分鐘,他們就抵達現場[58]。凌晨2點,警方把兩條巡邏犬帶到度假村,8點出動了四條嗅探犬[59]。他們取消了假期,將盧茲的下水道、水井、洞穴和廢墟翻了個遍[21][60]。波爾蒂芒總督察貢薩洛·阿馬拉爾[錨點失效]擔任調查總指揮[61]。
眾所周知,警方在案發後的「黃金時間」內犯了很多錯誤,邊防機構和水上警察有好幾個小時沒有接到瑪德琳的情況,警方也沒有每戶上門搜查[62][63]。凱特表示警方到了第二天早上10點才設路障[48]。警方沒有要求提供案發當晚離開盧茲的車輛監控畫面,也沒有要求提供西班牙邊境地帶拉各斯及聖安東尼奧雷阿爾城車輛畫面。負責道路監控的公司Euroscut表示警方沒有找他們要信息[64]。國際刑警組織花了五天時間,才行發佈全球失蹤人口警告[48]。另外,警方也沒有採訪案發當時在度假村的所有,度假者也是後來才跟英國警方說沒有聯繫過他們[63]。
犯罪現場未收到保護。葡萄牙警方採集了瑪德琳睡房的樣本,把樣本送去三個法醫實驗室驗證。據司法警察總督察奧萊加里奧·德·索薩(Olegário de Sousa)表示,2007年6月1日,警方找到一位「陌生人」的DNA,但房間關門前有大約20人進入5A公寓[65][36]。凱特表示,凌晨3點有位警官在兒童房的門口貼上的膠帶,之後就離開了,沒有保護好現場[57]。根據司警2008年發佈的文件,案發一個月後,5A一直處於閒置狀態,之後於2007年8月被封鎖,方便進行後續的調查搜證[22][66]。公寓外面也出現了類似的情況,一大群人聚焦在5A公寓的前門,包括兒童睡房窗戶的旁邊(這裏極有可能是綁匪進入或離開的地方),踩踏了證據[67]。一位警察在沒有戴手套或穿防護衣的情況下在窗戶外面的百葉窗掃指紋[36]。
英國警方行動
[編輯]瑪德琳家鄉的李斯特郡警察在同意的情況下派出特遣隊,負責協調英方的行動。行動隊伍由地區警察局局長馬特·巴戈特率領,與葡萄牙方的調查同期進行[68]。雙方組成了一個代表戰術協調小組(或稱金色小組),由李斯特郡警察、嚴重及有組織犯罪調查局、兒童剝削和網絡保護中心及國家警察改進署的代表組成。司法警察明面上給英方提供了一個工作房間,暗地裏不滿他們前來。英方習慣把資料輸入到內政部大型重要查詢系統,葡方則用箱子搜集資料。另外,葡方沒有英方那樣的自治權,一般要等候裁判官做決定,工作效率大大降低。在安東尼·桑默斯和羅賓·斯旺的《尋找瑪德琳》(Looking for Madeleine,2014)一書中,時任兒童剝削和網絡保護中心主任吉姆·甘布爾表示葡萄牙覺得他們屈尊於英國這樣的「殖民大國」[69]。
媒體與公關
[編輯]![photograph](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/McCann_Tributes1.jpg/220px-McCann_Tributes1.jpg)
2010年,葡萄牙司法警察的一名官員承認他們在「媒體馬戲團」的影響下,從一開始就懷疑麥肯一家[70]。2008年,加里向《名利場》雜誌表示,他曾決定「推銷」瑪德琳,讓她一直受到公眾的關注。結果,在當地警方的極為不滿、認為媒體關注會有反作用之下,一群公共關係顧問來到盧玆[21]。英國公關機構貝爾波特廷格的亞歷克斯·伍爾法(Alex Woolfall)在案發前十天一直代表馬克·華納公司跟媒體打交道,之後英國政府也派了新聞官,情況前所未見[71]。
在《每日鏡報》當記者的新聞官雪莉·多德(Sheree Dodd)率先抵達,之後中央信息辦公室的加倫·米切爾(Clarence Mitchell)主任抵達。英方召回米切爾後,麥肯一家又在獵頭的幫助下聘請了賈斯婷·麥吉尼斯(Justine McGuinness)。賈斯婷離開後,由首相約翰·梅傑前私人秘書查爾斯·萊文頓(Charles Lewington)持有的漢諾威通訊(Hanover Communications)進場[72][73]。2007年9月,聖母峰之窗布賴恩·甘迺迪(Brian Kennedy)提出支付米切爾的薪水,方便她回來。隨後米切爾辭去公職,全職投入麥肯一家的工作,由瑪德琳基金會支付薪水[74][75]。
2007年5月15日,麥肯一家創立瑪德琳基金會:不遺餘力有限公司[錨點失效],用以籌集資金,提高大家對事件的關注。基金會網站上線兩天就獲得5800萬次點擊[76]。5月和6月,瑪德琳夫婦的公關團隊安排了幾項活動,維持媒體對案件的關注,包括前往葡萄牙花地瑪[21]、荷蘭、德國、西班牙[77]和摩洛哥[78]。2007年5月30日,在記者的陪同下,夫婦倆乘坐菲利普·格林爵士的里爾噴射機飛到羅馬,在西敏大主教的安排下接見教宗本篤十六世[77]。次月,世界各地300座城市放飛了瑪德琳的氣球[79]。
據馬修·帕里斯表示,到6月初,記者們開始擔憂專業的公關活動影響到採訪[80]。若以瑪德琳事件為頭版,一份英國報紙最多可以賣3萬份[21]。2007年5月28日,瑪德琳登上人物雜誌封面[81],之後在英國各大小報的頭版上出現了幾乎六個月,甚至天空新聞台的菜單選項也為瑪德琳開闢了專區[21][82]。2007年5月到2008年7月間,葡萄牙小報《晨郵報》共發佈瑪德琳的文章384篇[83]。到2008年6月,在YouTube上搜索瑪德琳會出現3680條視頻及700百萬條貼文[84]。
葡萄牙方調查
[編輯]頭號嫌疑人
[編輯]瑪德琳失蹤12天後,34歲的英國葡萄牙裔置業顧問羅伯特·穆拉特(Robert Murat)成為案件的首位嫌疑人[85][86]。穆拉特生於西倫敦漢默史密斯,住在母親的「莉蓮娜之家」(Casa Liliana),該處距5A公寓150碼(137米),就位於坦納目擊男子所走的方向[85]。《星期日鏡報》一位記者跟警察說穆拉特一直在問案件的情況後,警方將他列為嫌疑人。有一段時間,穆拉特是與司法警察簽約的官方口譯員。穆拉特說自己之所以幫忙,是因為在英國女兒也跟瑪德琳一樣大[87][88]。
小吃餐廳七人組中的菲歐娜·佩恩、拉塞爾·奧布萊恩和蕾切爾·奧德費爾德表示案發後不久看到穆拉特在5A公寓外,當時公寓外還有海洋俱樂部的一位保姆和兩位英國度假者。考慮到穆拉特的住所臨近5A,他的出現並不奇怪,但是他說自己和母親整晚都呆在家裏[89][90]。然而,麥肯家的身邊人仍對穆拉特持懷疑態度:其中一位支持麥肯一家的人告訴BBC記者理查德·比爾頓(Richard Bilton),說可以提供案件的任何最新進展,前提是比爾頓的報道需要包括新聞界對穆拉特的看法[91]。從2007年5月15日開始,警方開始搜查穆拉特的家,排空了游泳池的水,檢查了他的汽車、電腦、手機及監控錄像,利用金屬探測器與嗅探犬搜查了他的花園,詢問了他兩個手下[85][92]。2008年3月,其中一位助理放火燒了穆拉特的車子,並在行人路上用紅漆寫上「Fala」(說話)一詞[93]。由於穆拉特及其朋友與失蹤事件沒有聯繫,警方於2008年7月21日結案時解除了他的嫌疑[94]。2008年4月,穆拉特發起誹謗官司達成庭外和解,其本人獲得60萬歐元的賠償金;《觀察家報》表示賠償金是英國單一誹謗官司的最大庭外和解金。穆拉特的好友各獲得10萬歐元賠償[95]。2014年7月格蘭赫行動期間,穆拉特的其中一位好友以目擊者身份受審,審問者是蘇格蘭場委託的司法警察[96]。同年12月,穆拉特與妻子及其他八人受審,審問者同樣是蘇格蘭場的代表[97]。2017年,穆拉特母親作為當晚5A附近可疑事件的目擊者發聲。據她向英國廣播公司表示,當晚她駕車路過5A公寓,發現一位身穿梅色上衣、舉止可疑的年輕女子就在門外,之後便將相關情報告訴給警察。另外,她還看到一輛棕色的小型出租汽車在單行道上逆行,飛速駛向公寓方向[98]。
目擊者證詞
[編輯]在寫給司法警察的證詞中,多位目擊者表示案發前夕及當天有幾個舉止怪異的男子出現在5A公寓附近。蘇格蘭場推測這幾個人可能會為綁架或入室盜竊進行踩點。2007年1月到5月間,當地的入室盜竊案增長近四倍,而麥肯一家所在的大樓案發前一周就發生了兩起,犯人通過窗戶入室[43][99] 。
另有目擊者稱有男子是在進行募捐。4月20日,一位衣衫不整的男子向一位住在5A附近的女遊客討錢,說是要在埃斯皮切附近建一家孤兒院,而埃斯皮切當時並沒有孤兒院而類似的地方。目擊者表示這名男子態度咄咄逼人,令人害怕[100]。4月25日、26日左右,在麥肯一家之前租住5A的遊客發現一名男子出現在陽台,是通過台階從街上進入的[101]。這名男子非常禮貌,鬍子刮得非常乾淨,向遊客索要建孤兒院的錢[102]。案發當天,上述兩名男子在5A附近的街道四次募捐[101]。當天下午4點,兩名黑髮男子接觸一位英國租客,索要在埃斯皮切附近設立旅館或安寧病房;下午5點,兩名男子與另一位英國遊客接觸,雙方經歷類似[103]。
5月2日,有人在5A對面街看到一名「相貌醜陋」的棕髮男子,男子明顯盯着5A看。早在4月29日,有人在海洋俱樂部看到他。4月30日,5A前房客的孫女看到一位棕發男子靠在公寓後的牆,5月2日又在小吃餐廳看到他,當時他正望向5A。孫女稱這名男子是白人,年紀約30歲,短髮,臉上有斑點.[104][105]。案發前天及當天,一名男子盯着麥肯的街區看,附近有一輛白色小貨車[105]。5月3日傍晚時分,住在5A上方的一位女孩從陽台看到一名男子從大門處離開,仿佛是從地面層的公寓離開。讓她在意的是,男子走出大門時四處張望,用雙手輕輕關上大門[106]。14點30分,兩名金髮男子出現在5C的陽台,此處隔5A兩扇門,暫無人租住。下午4點到5點,兩名金髮男子出現在5A附近。晚6點,同一名或另一名金髮男子在麥肯所在大樓的樓梯間出現。晚11點,也就是麥肯失蹤後,兩名金髮男子在附近街頭出現,說話聲調很高。被人發現的時候,兩人降低聲調並走開[107]。
麥肯夫婦的嫌疑
[編輯]早期嫌疑
[編輯]早在2007年6月6日,媒體就開始懷疑麥肯夫婦,當時一名德國記者在柏林的記者會上問到兩人是否涉及案件[108][109]。6月30日,葡萄牙周報《太陽報》刊發3000字文章《瑪德琳案:封口條約》,直言麥肯夫婦就是嫌犯,強調兩人的說法前後不一,而坦納的目擊證詞也是純屬捏造[110]。該報記者取得塔帕斯七人及另一位目擊者的手機號碼,證明調查行動已被泄露[35][109][111]。《太陽報》這一篇和之後的報道在沒有證據的情況下提出多項指控,這些指控得到英國媒體密切跟進,讓麥肯在之後幾年面臨社交媒體的口誅筆伐。相關指控包括麥肯夫婦和塔帕斯七人組玩「交換配偶」、麥肯夫婦給自己的孩子服用鎮靜劑、麥肯夫婦和塔帕斯七人組就案發當晚的情況達成了「封口條約」[87]。除此之外,夫婦倆與塔帕斯七人組的證詞也出現了大量前後不一或互相矛盾的地方。警方要求一行人接受葡萄牙語提問,一行人的回答由口譯員翻譯成葡萄牙語。據凱特表示,這些證詞隨後會用葡萄牙語打印出來,由口譯員翻譯成英語,被審問人了解後簽字確認[51][87]。
另一個前後不一致的地方是回去查看孩子的情況的時候,麥肯夫婦到底有沒有從前門/後門進入公寓。據司法警察卷宗記載,格里在2007年5月4日第一次接受詢問時表示,他們兩夫妻兩次從上鎖的前門進入5A,一次是晚上9點05分自己那次,一次是晚上10點妻子那次。後來在5月10日第二次詢問中,格里改口稱是從後方未上鎖的露台門進入的[112](由於露台門只能從裏面開鎖,夫婦倆故意沒有鎖門,方便後續進入)[32]。而前門到底上沒上鎖的說法也存在矛盾[112]。據格里2007年12月向英國《星期日泰晤士報》記者透露,那個禮拜早些時候,他們曾經用過前門,但這扇門緊挨着孩子們的睡房。為了不吵到孩子們休息,他們改用露台門進入[36]。司法警察向凱特提出疑問,為什麼發現瑪德琳失蹤的時候要扔下5A的雙胞胎跑到餐廳里求救,而不是用手機報警,或者是從5A後方的露台向餐廳里的人叫喊[113]。
另一個問題是瑪德琳臥室窗戶上的外百葉窗是否可以從外面打開。據記者丹尼·科林斯(Danny Collins)透露,這扇百葉窗由有色金屬板條製作,板條收納在窗內頂部的一個盒子裏,使用時拉動皮帶即可。百葉窗放下來後,上面的板條會股固定在窗外,只能用窗內的帶子拉起來[114]。據凱特回憶,瑪德琳被叫上床睡覺的時候,百葉窗和窗戶都是關着的,但她後來發現瑪德琳失蹤的時候是開着的。格里告訴司法警察,剛開始他注意到瑪德琳失蹤的時候,他把百葉窗降了下來,之後走到窗外,發現百葉窗只能從外面升起[115]。對於這一點,葡萄牙警方表示百葉窗在沒有施力的情況下無法從外面升起,所以沒有強行闖入的跡象。再者,強行把百葉窗拉開會弄出很大的動靜[114]。
考慮到矛盾的地方過於明顯,司法警察有理由認為案件不存在綁架情況[116][117]。凱特當時大喊「他們把她抓走了」也引起一些懷疑,不禁讓人覺得她是想讓大家誤以為有綁架案[36]。需要注意的是,從8月份開始,有關嫌疑衍生出一種說法,認為瑪德琳就死在5A公寓,死因是服用過量鎮靜劑意外死亡。之後父母把她的屍體藏了一個月,案發三個禮拜後用一輛租來的汽車把屍體運到神秘地點拋棄[118][119]。2010年,前葡萄牙警探聯盟主席卡洛斯·安喬斯(Carlos Anjos)告訴BBC《廣角鏡》節目,葡萄牙的警探大多認為瑪德琳是在公寓裏意外身亡的[120]。
葡萄牙方面的委託書
[編輯]2007年6月28日,麥肯夫婦建議司法警察求助前南非警察丹尼·克魯格(Danie Krugel),說克魯格發明了一種名叫「物體定位系統」的手持設備,據說可以用DNA和衛星定位找到失蹤人口[36]。多年後一位科學家聽聞這件事,說這種探測器是「牛皮吹破天」[121]。凱特在2011年撰寫的文章中也認為克魯格是在吹牛,但麥肯夫婦深信不疑。6月第二個禮拜,麥肯一家的英國親戚向克魯格送來了瑪德琳的頭髮和睫毛。7月15日,克魯格來到普拉亞達盧什調查,據說是用儀器在羅查內格拉(Rocha Negra)懸崖附近的沙灘找到一個「靜態信號」[122][36][123]。
負責司法警察調查行動的貢薩洛·阿馬拉爾督察認為凱特對克魯格的支持是煙霧彈,目的是在不損害自身利益的情況下「找出女兒屍體的位置」(她也考慮使用靈媒)[124]。帶着這個看法,司法警察向英國警方發出委託書,請求協助搜查瑪德琳的屍體[36][123]。為此,英國國家警務改進局國家搜索顧問馬克·哈里森(Mark Harrison)來到普拉亞達盧什,以徒步及乘坐直升機的方式調查相關地點[125]。哈里森在報告中稱克魯格的做法「非常不靠譜」,表示截至2007年7月23日,有100名警察搜查了普拉亞達盧什周邊9.3英里(15公里)的區域;除了里斯本來的搜救隊,負責調查的警察及團體的大多數人都沒接受過搜索程序訓練。搜索人員也用上了搜索犬,但用的時間已經是提出使用的五天後,而不是建議的兩天內。哈里森建議搜索海灘及海岸線區域、村子附近的空地、羅伯特·穆拉特的房產、5A公寓、塔帕斯七人組的公寓及涉事租車。他還建議使用透地雷達,用了來自南約郡的兩條史賓格犬Keela和Eddie[126][125]。
英國嗅探犬抵達
[編輯]凱拉是一條法醫調查犬,在主人馬丁·格萊姆的訓練下,她可以把鼻子湊到案發現場的地面來嗅探人類血液的氣味。每當有發現的時候,她會停在原地不動,以此向主人發出「被動警報」。艾迪是一條增強型遇害者搜查犬(也就是搜救犬),每當嗅到屍體氣味時,就會發出「吠叫警報」,包括死亡時間不短、埋在地里、火花過或沒入水中的屍體。經過專業訓練,艾迪只會在聞到屍體氣味的時候吠叫,其他情況不會吠[127]。
兩條搜查犬於2007年7月31日抵達普拉亞達盧什,其後在5A公寓、屍體周圍及沙灘處進行搜查。兩條犬都在5A客廳沙發後面發出警報,其中艾迪還在主臥衣櫥附近發出警報[128][129]。至於沙灘或濕地,兩條犬都沒有回應[130]。葡萄牙司法警察申請搜查令,對麥肯一家在弗洛雷斯街租住的公寓,以及麥肯夫婦在瑪德琳失蹤後租了24天的銀色雷諾風景轎車進行搜查。對租用公寓及周圍地區的搜查行動於8月2日進行,期間艾迪只對躺在地上的搖籃貓作出反應,凱拉則還有回應[131]。警方帶走了麥肯一家的衣物、搖籃貓、一副乳膠手套、幾個行李箱、一本筆記本、兩本日記(包括凱特在女兒失蹤後開始寫的那本),以及凱特向朋友借來的《聖經》。其中,《聖經》《撒母耳記》第2章中做了標記,這一段是講一個兒童的死亡,在警方的卷宗中有副本,且附有一段葡萄牙語翻譯[132]。上述證物被帶到另一個地方,隨後艾迪就其中一箱向主人作出反應[133]。接近麥肯一家律師團隊的消息人士向記者透露,如果凱特的衣服的確有屍體的氣味,很有可能是她在做家庭醫生接觸屍體時染上的[134]。
司警也將雷諾風景轎車帶走調查[135]。8月6日,基拉和艾迪來到波爾蒂芒司警總部對面的地下停車場。停車場共停放10輛車,每輛車間隔20至30英尺的距離,當中包括麥肯一家和穆拉特一家的車[136]。艾迪在麥肯一家轎車的駕駛車門外面發出警報[137][129]。第二天早上,基拉對後備箱靠近駕駛員一側,以及駕駛員車門的地圖隔間發出警告,而車門地圖隔間放着點火鑰匙,以及鑰匙圈。當鑰匙圈藏在消防桶里的沙子下面時,她再次發出警報,跟消防桶被移到停車場的另一層時一樣[138]。幾乎同一時間,葡萄牙媒體開始報道瑪德琳在5A公寓內死亡[139]。
英國方面的DNA分析
[編輯]Hair and other fibres were collected from areas in the car and apartment 5A where Keela and Eddie had given alerts, and were sent to the Forensic Science Service (FSS) in Birmingham for DNA profiling, arriving around 8 August 2007.[140] At this point, according to The Sunday Times, the PJ "abandoned the abduction theory".[36] On 8 August, without waiting for the results from Birmingham, Portuguese police called the McCanns to a meeting in Portimão, where Guilhermino Encarnação, PJ regional director, and Luis Neves, coordinator of the Direcção Central de Combate ao Banditismo in Lisbon, told them the case was now a murder inquiry.[141] When Encarnação died of stomach cancer in 2010, The Daily Telegraph identified him as a major source of the leaks against the McCanns.[142] Both the McCanns were interrogated that day; the officers suggested that Kate's memory was faulty.[141]
The FSS used a technique known as low copy number (LCN) testing. Used when only a few cells are available, the test is controversial because it is vulnerable to contamination and misinterpretation.[143] On 3 September, John Lowe of the FSS emailed Detective Superintendent Stuart Prior of the Leicestershire Police, the liaison officer between the British and Portuguese authorities. Lowe told Prior that a sample from the car boot contained fifteen out of nineteen of Madeleine's DNA components, and that the result was "too complex for meaningful interpretation":
A complex LCN [low copy number] DNA result which appeared to have originated from at least three people was obtained from cellular material recovered from the luggage compartment section ... Within the DNA profile of Madeleine McCann there are 20 DNA components represented by 19 peaks on a chart. ... Of these 19 components 15 are present within the result from this item; there are 37 components in total. There are 37 components because there are at least 3 contributors; but there could be up to five contributors. In my opinion therefore this result is too complex for meaningful interpretation/inclusion. ... [W]e cannot answer the question: Is the match genuine, or is it a chance match.[a]
McCanns made arguidos
[編輯]Lowe's email was translated into Portuguese on 4 September 2007. The next day, according to Kate, the PJ proposed that, if she were to admit that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and that she had hidden the body, she might only serve a two-year sentence. Her husband would not be charged and would be free to leave.[146] Both parents were given arguido status on 7 September,[147] and were advised by their lawyer not to answer questions. The PJ told Gerry that Madeleine's DNA had been found in the car boot and behind the sofa in apartment 5A.[148] Gerry did respond to questions, but Kate declined to reply to 48 questions she was asked during an eleven-hour interview.[149]
The DNA evidence was a "100 percent match", journalists in Portugal were told.[150] British tabloid headlines included "Corpse in McCann Car" (London Evening Standard, 16 October 2007), while the Daily Star reported that a "clump of Maddie's hair" had been found in the car.[151] The leaks came directly from Portuguese police, according to testimony in 2012 from Jerry Lawton, a Daily Star reporter, to the Leveson Inquiry.[b] Matt Baggott of the Leicestershire Police told the inquiry that, because the Portuguese were in charge of the case, he had made a decision not to correct reporters; his force's priority, he said, was to maintain a good relationship with the PJ with a view to finding Madeleine.[153]{{efn|Matt Baggott, former chief constable of Leicestershire Police (Leveson Inquiry, 28 March 2012): "[A]s a chief constable at the time, there were a number of I think very serious considerations. One for me, and the Gold Group who were running the investigation, which was a UK effort, was very much a respect for the primacy of the Portuguese investigation. We were not in the lead in relation to their investigative strategy. We were merely dealing with enquiries at the request of the Portuguese and managing the very real issues of the local dimension of media handling, so we were not in control of the detail or the facts or where that was going.
"I think the second issue was there was an issue, if I recall, of Portuguese law. Their own judicial secrecy laws. I think it would have been utterly wrong to have somehow in an off the record way have breached what was a very clear legal requirement upon the Portuguese themselves....
"There was also an issue for us of maintaining a very positive relationship with the Portuguese authorities themselves. I think this was an unprecedented inquiry in relation to Portugal. The media interest, their own reaction to that. And having a very positive relationship of confidence with the Portuguese authorities I think was a precursor to eventually and hopefully one day successfully resolving what happened to that poor child.
"So the relationship of trust and confidence would have been undermined if we had gone off the record in some way or tried to put the record straight, contrary to the way in which the Portuguese law was configured and their own leadership of that."[154][155][156]
McCanns return to the UK, Almeida report
[編輯]Despite their arguido status, the McCanns were allowed to leave Portugal, and on legal advice did so immediately, arriving back in England on 9 September 2007.[157] The following day Chief Inspector Tavares de Almeida of the PJ in Portimão signed a nine-page report concluding that Madeleine had died in apartment 5A as a result of an accident, that the restaurant meal and apparent regular checks on the McCann children had been part of the cover-up, that the Tapas Seven had helped to mislead the police, and that the McCanns had concealed the child's body before faking an abduction. An eleven-page document from the Information Analysis Brigade in Lisbon analysed alleged discrepancies in the McCanns' statements.[158][70] On 11 September the public prosecutor, José Cunha de Magalhães e Meneses, handed the ten-volume case file to a judge, Pedro Miguel dos Anjos Frias.[159] Meneses applied for the seizure of Kate's diary and Gerry's laptop.[160] The police also wanted to trace telephone calls between the McCanns and the Tapas Seven, and there were details in the report about the number of suitcases the McCanns and their friends had taken back to England.[161]
On 28 September 2007, according to a diplomatic cable published by WikiLeaks in 2010, the United States ambassador to Portugal, Al Hoffman, wrote about a meeting he had had with the British ambassador to Portugal, Alexander Ellis, on 21 September 2007. The cable said: "Without delving into the details of the case, Ellis admitted that the British police had developed the current evidence against the McCann parents, and he stressed that authorities from both countries were working co-operatively. He commented that the media frenzy was to be expected and was acceptable as long as government officials keep their comments behind closed doors."[162]
Control Risks, a British security company—paid by an anonymous donor to assist the McCanns since 7 May 2007[163]—took hair samples from the McCann twins on 24 September 2007, at their parents' request. The twins had slept through the commotion in apartment 5A after Madeleine was reported missing; Kate wrote that she was concerned the abductor might have given the children sedatives.[164] According to the PJ files, Kate had asked them to take samples, three months after the disappearance, but they had not done so.[165] Control Risks took a sample from Kate too, to rebut allegations that she was on medication. No trace of drugs was found.[166]
註釋
[編輯]- ^ The email from John Lowe (Forensic Science Service, 3 September 2007) continued: "The individual components in Madeleine's profile are not unique to her; it is the specific combination of 19 components that makes her profile unique above all others. Elements of Madeleine's profile are also present within the profiles of many of the scientists here in Birmingham, myself included. It's important to stress that 50% of Madeleine's profile will be shared with each parent. It is not possible, in a mixture of more than two people, to determine or evaluate which specific DNA components pair with each other. ... Therefore, we cannot answer the question: Is the match genuine, or is it a chance match."[144][145]
- ^ Jerry Lawton, Daily Star (Leveson Inquiry, 19 March 2012): "Portuguese police leaked in briefings in Portugal to their journalists that the forensic test results positively showed that Madeleine had been in or linked her to the hire car that her parents didn't hire until three or four weeks after she'd disappeared, and that story became a—created a sea change, without overusing that word, in the way the story has been looked at.
"Those forensic test results became a bone of contention between the UK and the Portuguese police. I was present when a Portuguese team of forensic experts and detectives arrived in Leicester to discuss these results. Of course, they'd already leaked a version of the results. Leicestershire police presumably knew—although it turns out obviously that those test results did not prove that and that the Portuguese police had somehow misinterpreted these results. I just felt that had this been—that Leicestershire police could have briefed, off the record, even unreportable, that the Portuguese police had misinterpreted those DNA results. ...
"Every time you rang Leicestershire police on that inquiry—and it was a lot, from every media organisation—you were told: 'It's a Portuguese police inquiry. You'll have to contact the Portuguese police.' And of course, they were fully aware that the Portuguese police had judicial secrecy laws and they wouldn't talk about the case."[152]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ "Madeleine McCann, aged progressed to age nine" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Scotland Yard; Patrick Barkham, "The sad ageing of Madeleine McCann" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2008.
- ^ 以下連結有顯示公寓及餐廳之間的直接距離:"Kidnapping concern for missing girl in Portugal" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Reuters, 4 May 2007; Kate McCann, Madeleine, Bantam Press, 2011 (hardback edition), p. 54.
- ^ Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann: hope and persistence rewarded" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 27 April 2012: "It was, the [Portuguese] attorney general found, largely due to a catastrophic misinterpretation of the evidence collected by ... [Leicestershire police] that the Portuguese team came to suspect the McCanns in the disappearance."
- ^ James Sturcke and agencies, "McCanns and Murat formally cleared in case of missing Madeleine" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 21 July 2008.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Sandra Laville, "British detectives release efits of Madeleine McCann suspect" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
- ^ For Diana comparison, Nicola Rehling, "'Touching Everyone': Media Identifications, Imagined Communities and New Media Technologies in the Case of Madeleine McCann," in Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (ed.), The Psychology and Politics of the Collective: Groups, Crowds and Mass Identifications, Routledge 2012, p. 152ff.For Twitter, Eilis O'Hanlon, "Eilis O'Hanlon: The sad rise of cyber courts full of Twittering bullies" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Sunday Independent (Ireland), 29 April 2012.Also see Brian Cathcart, "The Real McCann Scandal" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), New Statesman, 23 October 2008.
- ^ "Wednesday 23 November 2011; afternoon session" 英國政府互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2014-01-22, Kate and Gerry McCann's testimony, Leveson Inquiry, from 08:40 mins; Transcript and witness statement of Gerry McCann (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) and Kate McCann (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Leveson Inquiry.
- ^ James Robinson, "Leveson inquiry: McCanns deliver damning two-hour testimony" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 23 November 2011.
- ^ Madeleine McCann assumed dead - German prosecutors. 2020-06-04 [2020-06-07]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-30). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ missing child. [2021-02-08]. (原始內容存檔於2007-08-24). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), PJ.
- ^ Haroon Siddique, Madeleine McCann's parents release picture of how she might look now. [2021-02-08]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-05). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 1 May 2009.
- ^ Madeleine McCann: Police release new 'age progression' image. [2021-02-08]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-08). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) , The Daily Telegraph, April 2012.
- ^ McCann 2011,第7–10, 18–19頁.
- ^ "Dr Gerry McCann" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), University of Leicester. Also see Spence 2007,第1168頁.
- ^ McCann 2011,第17, 26, 37頁.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 McCann 2011,第42頁.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Angela Balakrishnan, "Key players in the McCann case" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), The Guardian, 2008-04-10; "Who are the McCann tapas seven?" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), BBC News, 2008-10-16.
- ^ McCann 2011,第20頁.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 McCann 2011,第76頁.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Judy Bachrach, "Unanswered Prayers" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期23 December 2020., Vanity Fair, October 2008.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Apartment was not made crime scene for two months" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期22 January 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 8 August 2008.
- ^ Angela Balakrishnan, "The resort that was rocked one night in May" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期1 March 2017., The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
- ^ McCann 2011,第45頁.
- ^ DCI Andy Redwood, Crimewatch 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 February 2016., BBC, 14 October 2013, from 00:20:02.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Angela Balakrishnan, "What happened on the day Madeleine disappeared?" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期13 February 2017., The Guardian, 11 April 2008.
- ^ "Searching for Madeleine" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期27 March 2015., Dispatches, Channel 4, 18 October 2007, 00:15:21.
- ^ "Searching for Madeleine" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期27 March 2015., Dispatches, 00:06:25.
- ^ McCann 2011,第62–64頁.
- ^ Giles Tremlett, "McCanns release last picture of Madeleine before she vanished" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期20 December 2016., The Guardian, 25 May 2007.
For 2:29 pm: Laura Roberts, "Madeleine McCann: Kate McCann fears outfit may have led to kidnap" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期11 October 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 11 May 2011. - ^ McCann 2011,第67, 69頁.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 McCann 2011,第69–70頁.
- ^ For "50 metres (yards)", "Kidnapping concern for missing girl in Portugal" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期6 August 2020., Reuters, 4 May 2007.
For 60 yards as the crow flies, and a 90-yard walk, "less than a minute's walk away", Summers & Swan 2014,第12頁. Ninety yards would take a minute to walk at a speed of around three miles per hour. - ^ McCann 2011,第56, 325頁.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Bridget O'Donnell, "My months with Madeleine" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期12 March 2017., The Guardian, 14 December 2007.
- ^ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 Smith, David James. Kate and Gerry McCann: Beyond the smears. The Sunday Times. (原始內容存檔於6 April 2016). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ "Reconstruction of Tanner sighting", "Madeleine was here", Cutting Edge, Channel 4 (UK), 10 May 2009, 4/5, 00:02:34 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期6 April 2017..
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第85頁.
- ^ Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Map 'shows where abductor was spotted'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期21 January 2019., The Daily Telegraph, 5 August 2008.
- ^ McCann 2011,第84頁.
- ^ McCann 2011,第230, 273, 370頁.
- ^ Michelle Pauli, "Is this Madeleine McCann's abductor?" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 September 2016., The Guardian, 26 October 2007.
Martin Hodgson, "McCanns release sketch of man seen near apartment" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 September 2016., The Guardian, 26 October 2007. - ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Madeleine McCann: Police reveal 'pre-planned abduction' theory" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2019-01-01., BBC News, 15 October 2013.
- ^ Peter Walker, "Madeleine McCann inquiry shifts as sighting found to be false lead" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期13 August 2016., The Guardian, 14 October 2013; Summers & Swan 2014,第254頁.
- ^ DCI Andy Redwood, Crimewatch, BBC, 14 October 2013, from 00:21:16 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017..
- ^ DCI Andy Redwood, Crimewatch, BBC, 14 October 2013, from 00:23:27 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017..
"Madeleine McCann: Few people rent apartment 5A since Maddie vanished" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期17 February 2017., Irish Independent, 5 May 2012. - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
SundayTimes27Oct2013
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 McCann 2011,第98頁.
- ^ "Madeleine was here", Cutting Edge, Channel 4 (UK), 10 May 2009, 4/5, 00:05:55; Crimewatch, BBC, 14 October 2013, from 00:23:35.
- ^ Patrick Counihan, "Irish couple key witnesses as British police launch new enquiry into Madeleine McCann case" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期3 November 2013., Irish Central, 14 October 2013.
- ^ 51.0 51.1 McCann 2011,第123頁.
- ^ BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, from 00:23:35.
- ^ McCann 2011,第71–73頁; "Madeleine was here", Channel 4 Cutting Edge, 10 May 2009, 1/5 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期30 April 2015., 00:00:45.
- ^ McCann 2011,第74頁.
- ^ "Searching for Madeleine" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期27 March 2015., Dispatches, Channel 4, 18 October 2007, 00:08:36; for the first search being abandoned at 4:30 am: 00:09:33.
- ^ McCann 2011,第75–76頁.
- ^ 57.0 57.1 McCann 2011,第78頁.
- ^ "Madeleine McCann: The evidence" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期14 April 2018., BBC News, 8 September 2007.
- ^ Polícia Judiciária files, cited in McCann 2011,第85頁.
- ^ "Searching for Madeleine", Dispatches, Channel 4, 18 October 2007, 00:20:20.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Hamilos3Oct2007
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Steven Morris, "Q&A: Madeleine McCann" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期14 March 2022., The Guardian, 8 May 2007.
- ^ 63.0 63.1 Summers & Swan 2014,第237–328頁.
- ^ Richard Edwards and Fiona Govan, "Maddy police ignored vital CCTV", The Daily Telegraph 19 May 2007.
- ^ "Madeleine evidence 'may be lost'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期18 July 2007., BBC News, 17 June 2007.
- ^ Richard Edwards, "The 15 key blunders", The Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2007.
- ^ Collins 2008,第xxxi–xxxii頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第48–49頁; "Profile: Matt Baggott" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期3 March 2017., BBC News, 11 August 2009.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第48–49頁.
- ^ 70.0 70.1 Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann's death 'covered up by parents who faked kidnap', court hears" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期1 November 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2010.
- ^ "Madeleine McCann: A Global Obsession", Channel 5 (UK), 18 November 2014, 00:15:48 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017..
- ^ Ben Dowell, "McCanns' PR steps down" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期15 August 2016., The Guardian, 13 September 2007.
Hannah Marriott, "Hanover calls time on McCanns" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期4 March 2017., PR Week, 21 November 2007; David Quainton, "McCanns still fine-tuning PR" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期4 March 2017., PR Week, 19 September 2007. - ^ Giles Tremlett, "With prejudice" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期15 August 2016., The Guardian, 17 September 2007.
- ^ "Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期4 May 2019., The Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2008.
- ^ McCann 2011,第148, 268頁.
Cole Morton, "Clarence Mitchell: 'I am a decent human being. If I can help them, I will'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期25 June 2017., The Independent on Sunday, 1 March 2009. - ^ "Madeleine McCann: A Global Obsession", Channel 5 (UK), 18 November 2014, 00:20:58 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017..
- ^ 77.0 77.1 Giles Tremlett and Brendan de Beer, "Parents of Madeleine to visit Pope in bid to spread hunt across Europe" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期4 March 2017., The Guardian, 28 May 2007.
- ^ McCann 2011,第178ff頁; Fiona Govan, "Smiles as children greet McCanns in Morocco" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期11 October 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2007.
- ^ "Balloons Soar for Missing British Girl" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 March 2017., Associated Press, 22 June 2007.
- ^ India Knight, "Lay off the McCanns", The Times, 3 June 2007.
Kirsty Wark, "Madeleine and the media" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期7 March 2017., BBC News, 21 August 2007.
Janice Turner, "Face it: we need the McCanns to be guilty" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期4 March 2017., The Times, 15 September 2007.{pb} Matthew Paris, interviewed for "Madeleine McCann: A Global Obsession", Channel 5 (UK), 18 November 2014, 00:19:07 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017.. - ^ Rehling 2012,第153頁.
- ^ Jonathan Freedland, "Madeleine: a grimly compelling story that will end badly for us all" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 February 2017., The Guardian, 12 September 2007.
- ^ Machado & Prainsack 2016,第52–53頁.
- ^ Kennedy 2010,第225, 227頁.
- ^ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Giles Tremlett, "Madeleine disappearance: Briton's villa searched and three questioned by police" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期24 February 2017., The Guardian, 15 May 2007.
- ^ "Mild-mannered father who became first one accused" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期1 March 2017., Press Association, 1 May 2008.
"Murat addresses Cambridge Union" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期13 December 2014., BBC News, 5 March 2009.
"Robert Murat holds Cambridge Union spellbound in tabloids debate" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2 December 2013., University of Cambridge, 6 March 2009. - ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 David James Smith, Steven Swinford and Richard Woods, "Victims of the rumour mill?", The Sunday Times, 9 September 2007.
- ^ "Profile: Robert Murat" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期22 December 2016., BBC News, 21 July 2008.
- ^ McCann 2011,第134–136頁; Summers & Swan 2014,第89頁; Haroon Siddique, "McCann friends confront Madeleine suspect" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期14 March 2022., The Guardian, 13 July 2007.
- ^ Gordon Rayner, "Madeleine witnesses cast doubt on Murat's alibi" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期3 July 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 31 December 2007.
- ^ Richard Bilton, "Madeleine McCann: 10 Years On", Panorama, BBC, 3 May 2017, 00:29:09.
- ^ "Russian denies links to Madeleine" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期25 October 2013., BBC News, 17 May 2007.
"New Madeleine search draws blank" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期17 October 2007., BBC News, 6 August 2007. - ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第89頁; "Murat friend quizzed over Madeleine finds car torched—and the word 'speak' scrawled beside it" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期8 March 2019., London Evening Standard, 21 March 2008.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Govan21July2008
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Townsend13April2008
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Beer1July2014
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Beer10December2014
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Rozina Sabur, "Key eyewitness says she saw young woman acting 'suspiciously' on night Madeleine McCann disappeared" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期30 December 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 3 May 2017.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Redwood 14 Oct, 2013 00:24:38
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Collins 2008,第202–203頁; Summers & Swan 2014,第57–59頁.
- ^ 101.0 101.1 DCI Andy Redwood, Crimewatch, BBC, 14 October 2013, from 00:30:45 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2017-04-05..
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第58頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第58–59頁.
- ^ McCann 2011,第373頁.
- ^ 105.0 105.1 McCann 2011,第469–473頁; "'Very ugly' new Madeleine suspect" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2013-10-15., BBC News, 6 May 2009; "Madeleine was here 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2017-04-06.", Cutting Edge, Channel 4, 10 May 2009, 3/5, 00:03:30; for the white van: 00:05:58.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第287–288頁; McCann 2011,第375頁.
- ^ BBC Crimewatch, 14 October 2013, 00:24:45.
- ^ Richard Edwards, "We're good parents not suspects, say McCanns" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期11 October 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 7 June 2007.
José Manuel Oliveira, Paula Martinheira, "PJ teme que pista marroquina de Madeleine resulte em nada" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期7 March 2019., Diario de Noticias, 7 June 2007. - ^ 109.0 109.1 McCann 2011,第189頁.
- ^ Felicia Cabrita and Margarida Davim, "The Madeleine Case: A Pact of Silence", Sol, 30 June 2007; Summers & Swan 2014,第136–137頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第136頁.
- ^ 112.0 112.1 Witness statements, Gerry McCann, Polícia Judiciária, Portimão, 4 May 2007 and 10 May 2007.
- ^ Chief Inspector Tavares de Almeida, Polícia Judiciária, report to the coordinator of the investigation, 10 September 2007, Polícia Judiciária files, vol X, 2587–2602.
- ^ 114.0 114.1 Collins 2008,第211–212頁.
- ^ Witness statement, Gerry McCann, Polícia Judiciária, Portimão, 10 May 2007; McCann 2011,第73頁.
- ^ David Brown, "Puzzles and mysteries at the very heart of the investigation" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期23 February 2017., The Times, 10 September 2007.
- ^ Collins 2008,第208–212頁.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Rayner26April2016
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Victoria Burnett, "As a Child Disappears, Old Headlines Howl Again" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期13 February 2017., The New York Times, 18 September 2007.
- ^ Richard Bilton, "Madeleine: The Last Hope?" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期13 February 2017., BBC Panorama, 25 April 2012, 00:14:33.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第140頁. Also see Ben Goldacre, "After Madeleine, why not Bin Laden?" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期23 February 2017., The Guardian, 13 October 2007.
- ^ McCann 2011,第186–187, 197, 199頁.
- ^ 123.0 123.1 Mark Townsend and Ned Temko, "Forensic DNA tests 'reveal traces of Madeleine's body on resort beach'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期22 February 2017., The Guardian, 7 October 2007.
- ^ Gonçalo Amaral, quoted in Summers & Swan 2014,第141頁.
- ^ 125.0 125.1 Summers & Swan 2014,第141–142頁.
- ^ "Judge admits Madeleine's case was at a 'dead end' in December –but it took another 7 months to clear McCanns" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2 July 2017., London Evening Standard, 12 August 2008.
- ^ Brendan McDaid, "Top sniffer dog to join Maddy search" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期21 October 2014., Belfast Telegraph, 8 August 2007.
For information on Keela: Top Dog. South Yorkshire Police. (原始內容存檔於14 January 2008). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) - ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第147–148頁.
- ^ 129.0 129.1 Keela and Eddie in 5A 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期6 April 2017.; In the car park and 5A 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期5 April 2017., Polícia Judiciária, August 2007, released 11 August 2008, courtesy of YouTube.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第149頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第149–150頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第150–152頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第150頁.
- ^ Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann's parents look to US sniffer dog case" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期12 November 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 17 August 2007.
- ^ McCann 2011,第241頁; Summers & Swan 2014,第152頁
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第152–153頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第153頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第153頁; Andrew Alderson and Tom Harper, "The allegations facing the McCanns" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期12 November 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 9 September 2007.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第154–156頁.
- ^ Sandra Laville, "UK lab to test blood found in Madeleine room" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期14 March 2022., The Guardian, 7 August 2007.
- ^ 141.0 141.1 Summers & Swan 2014,第158頁.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Mendick6March2010
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Machado and Santos 2011 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期7 March 2019., 312–313; for background, see "Low Copy Number DNA testing in the Criminal Justice System" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期28 June 2013., Crown Prosecution Service, cps.gov.uk.
- ^ John Lowe, Forensic Science Service, Birmingham, email to Detective Superintendent Stuart Prior, Leicestershire police, 3 September 2007, released 4 August 2008.
- ^ James Orr, Brendan de Beer and agencies, "UK police warned on DNA evidence before McCanns became suspects" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 September 2016., The Guardian, 4 August 2008; McCann 2011,第331頁.
- ^ McCann 2011,第243頁.
- ^ James Sturcke and James Orr, "Kate McCann 'fears Madeleine killing charge over blood traces in car'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期7 March 2022., The Guardian, 7 September 2007.
- ^ Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine McCann: Portuguese detectives lied to Gerry McCann about DNA evidence" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期31 December 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 4 August 2008.
- ^ "The questions put to Kate McCann" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期15 February 2009., BBC News, 6 August 2008; McCann 2011,第248頁.
- ^ Gordon Rayner, Caroline Gammell and Nick Britten, "Madeleine McCann DNA 'an accurate match'" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期26 December 2017., The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007.
- ^ "Searching for Madeleine", Dispatches, Channel 4, 18 October 2007, 00:41:10; for the Evening Standard, Goc 2009,第39頁.
- ^ Lawton 2012,第85–89頁.
- ^ Lisa O'Carroll, "Leveson inquiry: ex-police chief defends not preventing false McCann DNA reports" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期16 September 2016., The Guardian, 28 March 2012.
- ^ Matt Baggott: transcript of testimony (PDF). Leveson Inquiry: afternoon hearing, 68–71; also see 76–83. 28 March 2012. 原始內容存檔於21 October 2012. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Matt Baggott. Leveson Inquiry: afternoon hearing (video), from 104:38 and 115:22. 28 March 2012. 原始內容存檔於17 October 2013. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Matt Baggott's witness statement (PDF). Leveson Inquiry: question 50, 22–25. 原始內容存檔於21 October 2012. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第170頁; "Madeleine parents back in Britain" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期12 January 2009., BBC News, 9 September 2007.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第172–173頁.
- ^ Caroline Gammell, "Madeleine judge is known as a tough character" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期11 October 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007.
- ^ Caroline Gammell, "Police seek McCanns' laptop to read emails" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期11 October 2018., The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第173頁.
- ^ Ben Quinn, "WikiLeaks cables: UK police 'developed' evidence against McCanns" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期23 February 2017., The Guardian, 13 December 2010.
For the date of the meeting, "US embassy cables: British police 'developed evidence' against McCanns, Washington told " 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期23 February 2017., The Guardian, 13 December 2010. - ^ David Brown and Patrick Foster, "Private security team hired by Kate and Gerry McCann for secret investigation", The Times, 24 September 2007.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第213–214頁; McCann 2011,第213–214頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第165頁.
- ^ Summers & Swan 2014,第213–214頁; Fiona Govan, "Madeleine McCann's mother takes drug test", The Daily Telegraph, 23 November 2007.
參考書籍
[編輯]- Bainbridge, Caroline. 'They've taken her!' Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Mediating Maternity, Feeling and Loss. Studies in the Maternal. 2012, 2 (1): 1–18. doi:10.16995/sim.85
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- Collins, Danny. Vanished: The Truth about the Disappearance of Madeleine McCann. London: John Blake. 2008.
- Enright, Anne. Diary. London Review of Books 29 (19). 4 October 2007: 39 [2019-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2007-10-11). Archive.is的存檔,存檔日期2007-10-11
- Goc, Nicola. Framing the news: 'bad' mothers and the 'Medea' news frame (PDF). Australian Journalism Review. 2009, 21 (1): 33–47 [2021-12-13]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-10). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Kennedy, Julia. Don't you forget about me: An exploration of the "Maddie Phenomenon" on YouTube. Journalism Studies. 2010, 11 (2): 225–242. S2CID 145731936. doi:10.1080/14616700903290635.
- Lawton, Jerry. Transcript of testimony (PDF). Leveson Inquiry: 45–95. 2012-03-19 [2013-05-23]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於22 January 2014). 英國政府互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2014-01-22
- Machado, Helena; Santos, Filipe. The disappearance of Madeleine McCann: Public drama and trial by media in the Portuguese press. Crime Media Culture. 2009, 5 (2): 146–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.889.722
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- Machado, Helena; Santos, Filipe. Popular press and forensic genetics in Portugal: Expectations and disappointments regarding two cases of missing children. Public Understanding of Science. 2011, 20 (3): 303–318. PMID 21796881. S2CID 8167032. doi:10.1177/0963662509336710. hdl:10316/41854
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- Machado, Helen; Prainsack, Barbara. Setting the Scene: Portugal. Tracing Technologies: Prisoners' Views in the Era of Csi. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. 2016 [2012].
- McCann, Kate. Madeleine: Our Daughter's Disappearance and the Continuing Search for Her. London: Bantam Press. 2011. ISBN 9781446437605.
- Rehling, Nicola. 'Touching Everyone': Media Identifications, Imagined Communities and New Media Technologies in the Case of Madeleine McCann. Parkin-Gounelas, Ruth (編). The Psychology and Politics of the Collective. New York and Abingdon: Routledge. 2012: 152–167 [2021-12-13]. ISBN 9780415510264. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-03).
- Spence, Des. Madeleine McCann. BMJ. 2 June 2007, 334 (7604): 1168. JSTOR 0507311. PMC 1885328
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- Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn. Looking For Madeleine. London: Headline Publishing Group. 2014.
- Synott, John; Coulias, Andria; Ioannou, Maria. Online trolling: The case of Madeleine McCann (PDF). Computers in Human Behavior. June 2017, 71: 70–78 [2021-12-13]. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.053. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-04-28). (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
外部連結
[編輯]- Find Madeleine (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), [email protected]
- Operation Grange (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (Scotland Yard), [email protected]
- Goc, Nicola. "Kate McCann and Medea news narratives" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), in Charlene P. E. Burns (ed.), Mis/Representing Evil, Interdisciplinary Press, 2009, pp. 169–193.
- Greer, Chris; Ferrell, Jeff; Jewkes, Yvonne. "Investigating the crisis of the present", Crime Media Culture, 4(1), April 2008, pp. 5–8.
- Greer, Chris and Eugene McLaughlin, Eugene. "Media justice: Madeleine McCann, intermediatization and 'trial by media' in the British press" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Theoretical Criminology, November 2012, 16(4), pp. 395–416.