用戶:Dkzzl/拜占庭帝國-薩珊波斯戰爭（602-628）
| 瑪利亞·科穆寧娜 | |
|---|---|
 13世紀法國微型畫中描繪的瑪利亞·科穆寧娜 | |
| 耶路撒冷王后 | |
| 在位 | 1167年8月29日– 1174年7月11日 |
| 出生 | 約1154 |
| 逝世 | 1217年（62—63歲） |
| 配偶 | 阿莫里 貝里昂 |
| 子嗣 | 伊莎貝拉 Helvis of Ibelin John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut Margaret of Tiberias Philip of Ibelin |
| 王朝 | Comnenid dynasty |
| 父親 | John Doukas Komnenos |
瑪利亞·科穆寧娜（希臘語：Μαρία Κομνηνή，拉丁文：Maria Comnena；約1154年 – 1217年），出身拜占庭皇族，是耶路撒冷國王阿莫里（1162-1174年在位）的第二任妻子，從而於1167年-1174年為耶路撒冷王后。此後她又把持耶路撒冷王國長達二十年，並獲得了擅長陰謀、冷酷無情的名聲。
瑪利亞是拜占庭皇帝曼努埃爾一世（1143-1180年在位）的侄孫女，她與阿莫里的婚姻有助於拜占庭帝國與耶路撒冷王國結成同盟。阿莫里於1174年去世，他與第一任妻子所生的鮑德溫四世（1174-1185年在位）繼位，瑪利亞則與女兒伊莎貝拉退居納布盧斯城，並以先王之妻的名義統治該城。由於鮑德溫四世患有麻風，他同父同母的妹妹西比拉與瑪利亞所生的伊莎貝拉成為潛在的王位繼承人。瑪利亞後又於1177年與伊貝林領主貝里昂 結婚，生了四個孩子。
1180年以後，瑪利亞加入耶路撒冷國內反對西比拉與他的丈夫呂西尼昂的居伊的派系，並成為其一大領袖。鮑德溫四世於1185年去世後，西比拉的兒子鮑德溫五世繼位。次年鮑德溫五世死去，瑪利亞與她的盟友試圖擁立女兒伊莎貝拉與女婿托隆的翁弗魯瓦四世繼位，但翁弗魯瓦不願繼位，向西比拉與居伊宣誓效忠，使得這對夫婦的王位更加穩固。1187年，埃及的統治者薩拉丁攻陷耶路撒冷並奪取了王國的大部分土地。1190年，正當居伊參與圍攻阿克時，西比拉去世，他的反對者便以此認定他已不再有統治權，應該由伊莎貝拉繼位。瑪利亞隨後請求教皇宣佈瑪利亞與翁弗魯瓦的婚姻無效，並讓女王與更有能力的蒙菲拉托的科拉多結婚。瑪利亞於她的曾孫女伊莎貝拉二世（1212-1228年在位）在位時去世，比她所有的盟友與敵人都長壽。
出身
[編輯]瑪利亞是拜占庭帝國「最尊貴者（πρωτοσέβαστος）」約翰·杜卡斯·科穆寧之子，拜占庭皇帝約翰二世的曾孫女、曼努埃爾一世的侄孫女[1]。拜占庭帝國的官方教會是希臘正教會[2]，它宣稱對黎凡特的十字軍國家擁有宗主權[3]。耶路撒冷王國由十字軍建立，其統治階層是西歐的「法蘭克人」，屬於羅馬教會，但其基督教臣民多屬於希臘正教會[4]。這一時期，附近的穆斯林勢力開始給十字軍國家造成持續的威脅[5]。
瑪利亞的堂姑狄奧多拉·科穆寧娜嫁給了耶路撒冷國王鮑德溫三世，並於1158-1162年成為耶路撒冷王后[6]，這對夫妻無子，王位由鮑德溫之弟阿莫里繼承[7]。但耶路撒冷高等法院強迫他同意宣佈自己與庫特奈的艾格尼絲的婚姻無效，但他也向教皇亞歷山大三世上訴，後者宣佈這對夫妻的子女，鮑德溫與西比拉為合法子女[8]。
王后
[編輯]
為了恢復與強大的拜占庭帝國的聯盟[9]，阿莫里聽從了附庸的建議，派他的「管家」聖殿騎士大團長聖阿芒的厄德和凱撒利亞大主教厄爾內修斯（Ernesius）出使拜占庭皇帝曼努埃爾一世[10][11]。阿莫里請求與皇帝的親屬結婚，有關談判進行了兩年，最終選中的是瑪利亞[1]。當年8月，她在兩位使節的陪同下坐船到達提爾。耶路撒冷的拉丁宗主教內勒的阿莫里於1167年8月29日在提爾大教堂主持了她與國王的婚禮[12]。 史學家伯納德·哈密爾頓（Bernard Hamilton）認為她可能魅力不足，因為即使她的支持者都沒有奉承他，拜占庭方面也沒有給她豐厚的嫁妝，遠不如她的堂姑狄奧多拉出嫁耶路撒冷時所獲得的[1]。
瑪利亞可以說代表了拜占庭帝國在十字軍國家的利益[13]，但和鮑德溫三世的妻子狄奧多拉一樣，她雖是王后但沒有什麼實權。阿莫里和他的兄弟都曾見識過他們的母親梅利桑德女王所擁有的權威，因此儘量避免與自己的妻子分享權力，瑪利亞也因無子而處於不利地位[14]。約1171年她生下一個女兒，但很快夭折[15]，1172年她生下女兒伊莎貝拉，成為這對夫婦唯一一個活到成人的子女[14]。她對自己的繼子鮑德溫幾乎沒有感情，事實證明她非常有野心，很可能因其繼承權優先於自己的女兒而嫉恨他[16]。但小鮑德溫罹患當時不可治癒、倍受污名的麻風病的傳言越傳越廣，使得瑪利亞沒有子嗣成為一個令人擔憂的問題[14]。
「太后」生涯
[編輯]
瑪利亞的丈夫阿莫里於1174年6月患上痢疾[17]，臨死前，他把從前屬於他母親的納布盧斯授予瑪利亞為封地[14]，並於7月11日死去[17]。瑪利亞可能參與了確定繼承人的討論[18]。阿莫里13歲的獨子鮑德溫繼位，直到此時他還沒有被正式確診為麻風病患者[19]。儘管他有不詳的症狀，但仍被視為比他姐姐西比拉更好的選擇，因為後者是個單身的女孩，瑪利亞的女兒伊莎貝拉更不可能繼位，因為她只有兩歲[20]。
外交角色
[編輯]丈夫死後，瑪利亞處於一種不尋常的境地，她確實是先王之妻，但新國王鮑德溫四世的母親庫特奈的艾格尼絲還活着[14]，因此她未能成為未成年國王的攝政[21]。她在國王宮廷已沒有地位，因此她與女兒宣佈退出公共生活[14]，艾格尼斯也在的黎波里的雷蒙三世攝政時返回王國宮廷[22]。鮑德溫四世繼位後不久，他感染麻風病的事實已經很明顯[23]，這也意味着他無法生育繼承人[24]，阿莫里的兩個女兒西比拉和伊莎貝拉因此又成為繼承中的關鍵人物[24]。
1176年成年後，鮑德溫四世計劃入侵薩拉丁統治下的埃及[25]，後者曾在雷蒙攝政時攻打十字軍國家[26]。鮑德溫為此請求曼努埃爾一世的援助，但後者要求十字軍國家承認拜占庭的宗主權。因為瑪利亞已經宣佈退出公共生活而不適合成為皇帝在耶路撒冷的代表，因此曼努埃爾要求恢復耶路撒冷的希臘正教牧首以代之[13]。
Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders arrived in Jerusalem in 1177[27] and was tasked by his liege, King Louis VII of France, with discussing a Franco-Byzantine alliance with Emperor Manuel on his way back to Europe.[28] Philip was expected to assist in the Egyptian campaign, but prevaricated when he realized that he would not be granted sovereignty over conquered territory.[29] In 1178 he visited his aunt Maria in Nablus to seek her advice about the Byzantine court. The queen dowager must have been in contact with the Byzantines in the Levant and aware of their intention to cancel the expedition due to their allies' failure to cooperate. It is likely she who explained to Philip that the High Court would pin the blame on him, thereby damaging his standing with Manuel.[30] Philip quickly announced his readiness to assist, but the Byzantines doubted his sincerity and broke off the alliance.[31]
與伊貝林家族合作
[編輯]
In late 1177, Queen Maria married Balian of Ibelin. The match may have been a consolation prize to the House of Ibelin, as Balian's brother Baldwin had been denied marriage to Maria's stepdaughter, Sibylla, who was heir presumptive to the throne. The acquisition of Maria's fief of Nablus made the Ibelin brothers the most powerful noblemen in the kingdom after Count Raymond III of Tripoli; Nablus commanded twice as many knights as Balian's lordships of Ibelin and Mirabel.[32] Their union was happy and Maria played a great role in Balian's politics.[33] They had four children: Helvis, John, Margaret, and Philip.[34] Remarriage ended any possibility that Maria might manage the king's court; the role was assumed by Agnes, whose influence over Sibylla and Baldwin steadily increased.[35]
Maria's brother-in-law Baldwin of Ibelin was captured by Saladin in 1179. It is probably she who informed her granduncle Manuel about the scheme to have Baldwin marry Sibylla, prompting the Byzantine emperor to pay his extortionate ransom.[36] Sibylla was instead married to Guy of Lusignan in early 1180, leading to a rift among the nobility. Guy had the support of the king, the king's mother and maternal family, and the lord of Oultrejordain, Raynald of Châtillon, while the opposing faction consisted of the queen dowager, the Ibelin brothers, Count Raymond III of Tripoli, and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch.[37] In October, King Baldwin arranged the betrothal of his half-sister Isabella, Maria's daughter, to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron. This served to prevent the faction of the Ibelins from using her as a pawn in a dynastic conflict. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Humphrey's mother, Stephanie of Milly, who prevented her from visiting Maria at Nablus.[38]
穆斯林威脅
[編輯]
Isabella and Humphrey's wedding was held at Kerak in late 1183. Maria attended despite being a personal enemy of the groom's stepfather, Raynald. Extravagant festivities were cut short by news of the approach of the Muslim army under Saladin.[39] The sultan had heard about the gathering and carefully planned his attack to increase the odds of obtaining valuable prisoners. It is probably from Maria, wife of his patron, that the chronicler Ernoul derives his account of the siege of Kerak.[40] According to him, Humphrey's mother sent dishes from the wedding banquet to Saladin in return for his promise not to bombard the newlywed's lodgings.[41] King Baldwin had meanwhile fallen out with Guy; he disinherited him and Sibylla, had Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, crowned as co-king,[42] and led his army to the relief of Kerak.[43]
In 1184, Saladin again besieged Kerak and once more fled before Baldwin IV's army.[44] Knowing that all the king's troops were at Kerak, he attacked Nablus between 8 and 10 September. As Balian was at Kerak too, it was presumably Maria who conducted the defence. The city was unwalled and she could do nothing to prevent Saladin from sacking it, but no Franks were killed because she took the entire population inside the citadel.[45]
繼承糾紛
[編輯]
Completely disabled due to leprosy, Baldwin IV lay on his deathbed in early 1185. He arranged for Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, to undergo a crown-wearing ceremony after which Balian expressed his family's support by carrying the boy to banquet on his shoulders.[46] The High Court awarded regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Raymond demanded that, in the case of Baldwin V's death, the decision of whether the crown should pass to "Sibylla, who was the daughter of Countess Agnes" or "Isabella, who was the daughter of Queen Maria", would be made by the pope, the Holy Roman emperor, and the kings of England and France.[47] Baldwin died after the barons promised to uphold this condition.[48]
Baldwin V died in mid-1186. Sibylla hurried to Jerusalem to claim the throne. She and her supporters secured most of the royal domain while Raymond summoned the High Court to Nablus. The meeting was attended by Maria, Isabella, Humphrey, the Ibelins, and likely Raymond's stepsons.[49] When news reached of Sibylla and Guy's coronation in Jerusalem reached them, Raymond suggested crowning Isabella and Humphrey as rival monarchs.[50] The argument that Isabella had better claim than Sibylla because she was born in their father's reign while Sibylla had been born earlier probably came from Maria and the Byzantine tradition of porphyrogeniture.[51] Humphrey was unwilling to cause a civil war, however, and foiled the plan by sneaking out of Nablus and submitting to Sibylla.[52] The rest of the nobility convened in Nablus then arrived to submit as well, except Baldwin of Ibelin and Raymond.[53]
第三次十字軍
[編輯]Saladin took advantage of the discord between the nobles. He invaded the kingdom in April 1187[54] and won the Battle of Hattin on 4 July, which proved to be decisive.[55] King Guy was captured, Lord Raynald executed, and Count Raymond died of an illness soon afterwards.[56] Queen Maria and her children left Nablus and joined her stepdaughter, Queen Sibylla, in Jerusalem.[57] After besieging the capital, Saladin arranged for Maria, her children, household, and possessions to be escorted to Tyre.[58] Jerusalem fell on 2 October.[59] Maria reunited with Sibylla in Tripoli. Guy, who was released in 1188, he decided to besiege Acre. The queens, Balian, Isabella, and Humphrey accompanied him, and the Third Crusade ensued.[60]
Unity appeared to have been restored during the crusade until Sibylla and her daughters died of an epidemic in mid-1190.[60] Isabella was Sibylla's heir, but Guy attempted to retain the throne.[61] The unpopularity of her husband, Humphrey, weakened Isabella's chances of supplanting Guy. Humphrey had alienated Guy's opponents by refusing to oppose him in 1186, while Maria had not forgiven him for his role in separating her from Isabella.[61] Maria immediately allied with Conrad of Montferrat, the leader of the defence of Tyre, who desired the kingship.[60] With her party, which included Balian, Reynald of Sidon, and Pagan II of Haifa, she abducted her daughter from her tent next to Humphrey's.[62] Isabella was happy with Humphrey, and Maria had to browbeat her into agreeing to have their marriage annulled,[60] arguing that her succession rights could not otherwise be enforced.[63] Maria then stated before the papal legate, Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi of Pisa, and the bishop of Beauvais, Philip of Dreux,[64] that Isabella had been forced by Baldwin IV to marry Humphrey and that she was underage at the time.[60] Isabella was subsequently crowned and married to Conrad.[34]
晚年
[編輯]The Third Crusade brought the reconquest of a strip of coast from Jaffa to Tyre in 1192,[65] but the kingdom remained without Jerusalem itself.[66] Balian died in 1194 and Maria did not remarry again. She retained an active role in family affairs.[34] Isabella I married twice more and died in 1205.[65] Maria's native Byzantine state, which had ceased to be a great power in the 1180s, was all but destroyed in the Fourth Crusade, while the Kingdom of Jerusalem was reduced to a rump state centred in Acre; yet, Maria's influence only increased.[9]
In 1208 Maria arranged the marriage of Isabella I's daughter Alice of Champagne to King Hugh I of Cyprus. Having outlived all the principal figures of Christian-ruled Jerusalem, Maria may have provided valuable recollections of the kingdom's laws and customs to her son John. She died in mid-1217, in the reign of her great-granddaughter Isabella II. All the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus and much of the 13th-century nobility of both Cyprus and the mainland kingdom descended from her.[34]
子嗣
[編輯]瑪利亞與
評價
[編輯]A very hostile source, the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, describes Maria as being "steeped in Greek filth from the cradle",[67] and says that the character of her husband Balian "matched her own":
Where he was savage, she was godless; where he was shallow-minded, she was fickle; where he was treacherous, she was scheming.[35]
Maria was resilient and adaptable, which enabled her to thrive politically in spite of unfavourable circumstances. Like her mother-in-law Melisende and rival Agnes, Maria desired power, but Hamilton notes that she differed from them in being interested more in practical matters than in appearances and thus worked to acquire power in "more devious" ways.[9] Her opponents described her as ruthless and scheming, and Hamilton concludes that "there was some truth" in their view.[34]
引用
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hamilton 1978，第161頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第50頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第31頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第49頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第54頁.
- ^ Hamilton 1978，第159, 161頁.
- ^ Hamilton 1978，第159頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第26頁.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hamilton 1978，第174頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第370頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第36頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第377頁.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Hamilton 2005，第113頁.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Hamilton 1978，第163頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第404, 443頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第27頁.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Hamilton 2005，第32頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第35頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第38頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第40頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第84頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第95頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第100頁.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Hodgson 2007，第78頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第111頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第106頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第414頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第121頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第127–128頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第129頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第129–130頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第139頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第404頁.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Hamilton 1978，第173頁.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Hamilton 1978，第165頁.
- ^ Hamilton 1978，第166頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第158頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第161頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第440頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第192頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第192–193頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第194頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第196頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第202頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第203頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第208–209頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第206–207頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第220頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第217–218頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第221頁.
- ^ Riley-Smith 1973，第108頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第448頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第222頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第227頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第230頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第231頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第172頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第463頁.
- ^ Runciman 1952，第465頁.
- ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Hamilton 1978，第172頁.
- ^ 61.0 61.1 Riley-Smith 1973，第114頁.
- ^ Riley-Smith 1973，第115頁.
- ^ Hodgson 2007，第188頁.
- ^ Runciman 1954，第22, 35頁.
- ^ 65.0 65.1 Hamilton 2005，第232頁.
- ^ Hamilton 2005，第234頁.
- ^ Hodgson 2007，第189頁.
來源
[編輯]
- Hamilton, Bernard. Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem. Baker, Derek (編). Medieval Women. Ecclesiastical History Society. 1978. ISBN 978-0631192602.
- Hamilton, Bernard. The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780521017473.
- Hodgson, Natasha R. Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative. Boydell Press. 2007. ISBN 1843833328.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147 - 1277. Macmillan. 1973.
- Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187 2. Cambridge University Press. 1952. ISBN 0241298768.
- Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades 3. Cambridge University Press. 1954. ISBN 0-521-06163-6.
| 王室頭銜 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 空缺 上一位持有相同頭銜者： Theodora Komnene
|
Queen consort of Jerusalem 1167–1174 |
空缺 下一位持有相同頭銜者： Elisabeth of Bavaria
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||