倒牛奶的女仆
倒牛奶的女仆 | |
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艺术家 | 杨·维梅尔 |
年份 | c. 1657–1658(有许多说法) |
类型 | 布面油画 |
尺寸 | 45.5 cm × 41 cm(17 7⁄8 in × 16 1⁄8 in) |
收藏地 | 荷兰阿姆斯特丹阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆 |
《倒牛奶的女仆》(荷兰语:De Melkmeid或Het Melkmeisje)是一幅由荷兰黄金时代画家杨·维梅尔绘成的油画,主题是一名倒牛奶的厨房女仆。此画现藏于阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆,是馆中珍藏之一。[1]
实际上此画的具体完成时间尚不确定,不同的来源之间有细微差异。按阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆的说法,其完于1658年左右,按纽约大都会艺术博物馆,其时间在1657–1658年间。[2] 也有认为是在1658–1661年间的。[3]
描述
[编辑]尽管标题里写的是“Melkmeid”,画中人物可能只是一个厨房女仆,而并不是负责挤牛奶的“Melkmeid”(字面意思就是“牛奶女仆”)。画中的女仆正在小心地将牛奶从牛奶罐中倒入一口锅中。旁边的桌子上有各种各样的面包。女仆头戴亚麻帽子,身着蓝色围裙,袖子卷起来露出了粗壮的小臂。她的脚边是一个暖炉,墙角贴著台夫特陶墙塼,墙塼上描绘的是丘比特(左)和一些其他人物。光线从画面左侧的窗户中照进来形成阴影。[4]
大都会艺术博物馆的欧洲绘画部的部长沃尔特(Walter Liedtke)说:“对现代的观众来说,这幅画有些像蒙娜丽莎”,因为“这个女子的身份成谜。她带着微笑、做着日常的工作,而我们就不由得会想:‘她到底在思考什么?’”。[5]
流传
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CartoonsDeMinisterPRinkEnDeMilkmaid1907.jpg/220px-CartoonsDeMinisterPRinkEnDeMilkmaid1907.jpg)
在这幅作品完成者之后,弗美尔的赞助人皮亚特·凡·瑞文很可能马上就从画家那里买下了它。此人去世之后,画作可能还依次传给了他的遗孀玛丽亚(Maria de Knuijt)、他的女儿抹大拉(Magdelene van Ruijven,1655–1681),不过最后肯定曾落入皮亚特·凡·瑞文的女婿雅各布‧迪修斯之手[6][7]。雅各布‧迪修斯在1696年将其连同其他的弗美尔的作品一起卖给了别的艺术家。当时的记录显示,这幅画价格达175荷兰盾,仅次于一起卖出去的《台夫特风景》。[2][3]
1765年,此画被荷兰银行家伦德特(Leendert Pieter de Neufville)拍卖[8],在至少经过五位阿姆斯特丹收藏家之手后,成为卢克里提亚(Lucretia Johanna van Winter,1785–1845)的藏品。1822年卢克里提亚嫁入希克斯家族(Six),1908年她的两个儿子将这幅画连同希克斯家的其他38幅藏品一起卖给了阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆,因交易金额巨大,伦布朗协会和荷兰政府专门为博物馆拨款赞助[2]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ The Milkmaid, Johannes Vermeer, c 1660 - Rijksmuseum. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. [17 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Vermeer's Masterpiece The Milkmaid (September 10–November 29, 2009). Metropolitan Museum of Art. [13 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-02).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer. Essential Vermeer. [13 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-25).
- ^ Rosenberg, Karen. A Humble Domestic Crosses the Sea. The New York Times. 11 September 2009 [13 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-24).
- ^ Boros, Phyllis A.S. Vermeer's 'Milkmaid' cause for celebration at MMA. Connecticut Post. 13 September 2009 [13 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-09).
- ^ Liedtke, Walter; Plomp, Michiel C.; Ruger, Axel. Vermeer and the Delft School. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2001: 372, 374. ISBN 0-87099-973-7.
- ^ Dissius collection sale (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) retrieved June 4, 2010
- ^ Catalogue of paintings by the late Pieter de Neufville, nr. 65. [2016-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-25).
扩展阅读
[编辑]专著
[编辑]- Bonafoux, Pascal, and Johannes Vermeer van Delft. Vermeer. New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1992. ISBN 978-1-568-52308-8 OCLC 249850444
- Cant, Serena, and Jan Vermeer van Delft. Vermeer and His World, 1632-1675. London: Quercus, 2009. ISBN 978-1-849-16005-6 OCLC 699202293
- Franits, Wayne E. The Cambridge Companion to Vermeer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-521-65330-5 OCLC 45284708
- Franits, Wayne E. Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting: Its Stylistic and Thematic Evolution. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-300-10237-6 OCLC 473754188
- Gaskell, Ivan, and Michiel Jonker. Vermeer Studies: [Proceedings of the Symposia "New Vermer Studies" Held in 1995 in Washington, and in 1996 in The Hague]. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1998. Vol. 55. ISBN 978-0-300-07521-2 OCLC 631981597
- Gowing, Lawrence, and Johannes Vermeer. Vermeer. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-520-21276-3 OCLC 36857459
- Henderson, Jasper, Victor Schiferli, and Lynne Richards. Vermeer: The Life and Work of a Master. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, 2011. ISBN 978-9-086-89068-2 OCLC 763023437 - Translated from the Dutch from Lynne Richards.
- Koningsberger, Hans. The World of Vermeer, 1632-1675. Time-Life Library of Art series. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-900-65858-7 OCLC 13302281
- Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and Liedtke, Walter A. The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer / Walter Liedtke. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009 OCLC 839735356
- 大都会艺术博物馆中的《The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer》 - 2009 exhibition catalog
- Plomp, Michiel, et al. Vermeer and the Delft School / Walter Liedtke. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. ISBN 978-0-870-99973-4 OCLC 819761194
- 大都会艺术博物馆中的《Vermeer and the Delft School》 - 2001 exhibition catalog
- Pollock, Griselda. Differencing the Canon Feminist Desire and the Writing of Art's Histories. London: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 978-1-135-08440-0 OCLC 842262336
- Rand, Harry. 1998. "Wat maakte de 'Keukenmeid' van Vermeer?" Bulletin Van Het Rijksmuseum. 46, no. 2-3: 275-278. ISSN 0165-9510 OCLC 772557024
- Schama, Simon. The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. New York: Knopf, 1987. ISBN 978-0-394-51075-0 OCLC 14132010
- Vermeer, Johannes, and Taco Dibbits. Milkmaid by Vermeer and Dutch Genre Painting Masterworks from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam : Exhibition, The National Art Center, 26 September-17 December 2007. Tokyo: Tokyo Shimbun, 2007. OCLC 690709724 - 2007 exhibition catalog
- Wheelock, Arthur K. Vermeer & the Art of Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-300-06239-7 OCLC 31409512
- Wheelock, Arthur K., and Johannes Vermeer. Vermeer: The Complete Works. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1997. ISBN 978-0-810-92751-3 OCLC 36178954
多媒体
[编辑]- Liedtke, Walter. Special Exhibition: Vermeer’s Masterpiece, The Milkmaid (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) on Vermeer’s Masterpiece The Milkmaid exhibit (September 10, 2009 – November 29, 2009). Audio. Includes transcript.
- Liedtke, Walter. Vermeer’s Masterpiece The Milkmaid: Discreet Object of Desire: A Curatorial Talk (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Walter Liedtke, Curator, Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. September 26, 2009. Video. (72 min)
- Lopate, Leonard. Vermeer's The Milkmaid (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Leonard Lopate Show. WNYC. September 18, 2009. Audio interview with Walter Liedtke, curator of a Vermeer exhibit. (18 min)
外部链接
[编辑]- 《倒牛奶的女仆》,阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆
- Vermeer's Masterpiece: 《倒牛奶的女仆》(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),大都会艺术博物馆
- 《倒牛奶的女仆》(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),Essential Vermeer的详细解读
- Johannes Vermeer, 《倒牛奶的女仆》(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),Colourlex
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