野樱莓
野樱莓![]() | |
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野樱莓 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
目: | 蔷薇目 Rosales |
科: | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae |
属: | 涩石楠属 Aronia Medik. |
种: | 野樱莓 A. melanocarpa
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二名法 | |
Aronia melanocarpa |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%E9%87%8E%E6%AB%BB%E8%8E%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6.jpg/220px-%E9%87%8E%E6%AB%BB%E8%8E%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A6.jpg)
野樱莓(学名:Aronia melanocarpa,英文:Black chokeberry),是蔷薇科的一种落叶灌木,原产于北美洲东部湿树林和沼泽。野樱莓被栽培为观赏和植物和经济作物,果实可以生吃,也能用来制作酒、果酱、糖浆、果汁、茶、沙拉、啤酒和冰淇淋。
特征和分类
[编辑]叶彼此互生,针形,圆齿和羽脉状,到了秋天树叶会变成暗红色,黑色的毛状出现在叶中脉的表面,花很小,有5个花瓣和5个萼片,并且在10-25伞状花序,果实是一个小梨果,具有非常涩的味道。
野樱莓产于北美洲东部,有两个著名的品种,其果色为红色、黑色,紫色的野樱莓是其原产地两者自然杂交而成。红色的野樱莓,通常高度为2-4米,叶子底部宽5-8,花为白色或淡粉色,宽约1厘米,果实为红色,4-10毫米宽,产至到冬天。
黑色的野樱莓,略小,高度几乎超过1米高。叶子较小,不超过6厘米宽。花是白色,宽1.5厘米,无毛与萼片,果实为黑色,6-9毫米宽,没有产至冬天。
紫色的野樱莓,果实为暗紫色偏黑色,7-10毫米的宽度,产至冬天。植物学家艾伦·威克利认为这是一种全面的物种,而不是混合红色、黑色野樱莓。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E9%87%8E%E6%AB%BB%E8%8E%93%E8%8A%B1.png/220px-%E9%87%8E%E6%AB%BB%E8%8E%93%E8%8A%B1.png)
产品及用途
[编辑]野樱莓耐干旱、虫害、污染和疾病。波兰将野樱莓干燥,与草药茶、黑醋栗混合,野樱莓也常被用作香料或着色剂的饮料或酸奶。
野樱莓成熟浆果果汁有点涩,略带点甜(中度含糖量),微酸(低pH值)。浆果有独特的风味,除了作为果汁外,也可以用来作烤面包的添加物。在美国和加拿大,野樱莓浆果则被用于果汁产品,主要的销售特点是它的抗氧化性能。
营养
[编辑]野樱莓黑色的色素沉着是来自密集的多酚含量,尤其是花青素。总多酚含量为每100克新鲜果实1752毫克,花青素含量为每100克1480毫克,而原花青素浓度为每100克664毫克。[来源请求]
野樱莓也含有对人体有益矿物质和维生素,即:维生素B6、B12、E、C,叶酸,奎宁酸,多酚酸,单宁,儿茶素,槲黄素,芸香素,橙皮苷,白藜芦醇...等等。
ORAC
[编辑]在抗氧化强度的标准测量中---氧自由基吸收能力和抗氧化能力指数(ORAC),野樱莓是所有水果中数值最高的---每100克含16,062 micromoles of Trolox Eq. 其原因为野樱莓所富含的花青素和原花青素,这也许可以解释其所带有的涩味。[来源请求]
初步研究
[编辑]野樱莓的潜在机能可以降低造成疾病的风险[来源请求],包括:
- 降低血液中的胆固醇
- 结直肠癌
- 心血管疾病
- 慢性炎症
- 胃粘膜疾病(消化性溃疡)
- 眼球炎(葡萄膜炎)
- 肝功能衰竭
- 抗粘连性能
- 乳腺癌
- 高血压
- 宫颈癌
- 免疫调节作用
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
- Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps". USDA PLANTS.
- Photinia floribunda". USDA PLANTS.
- A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, and B. S. Walters (February 2011). "Michigan Flora Online". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
- Mark Brand (2010). "Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential". Arnoldia 67 (3): 14–25.
- USDA GRIN entry for Aronia.
- USDA GRIN Taxonomy, distribution entry for Aronia × prunifolia.
- Everhart, Eldon (March 4, 2009). "Aronia - A New Crop for Iowa". Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg.: black chokecherry". United States Department of Agriculture.
- Prunus virginiana melanocarpa, Black Chokecherry
- Robertson, K. R., J. B. Phipps, J. R. Rohrer, and P. G. Smith. 1991. A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). Systematic Botany 16:376–394.
- Kalkman, C. 2004. Rosaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. Edited by K. Kubitzki. Springer, Berlin. pp. 343–386, isbn=3-540-06512-1. in Google books, page 377
- Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
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- James W. Hardin ((May - Jun., 1973)). "The Enigmatic Chokeberries (Aronia, Rosaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100 (3): 178–184. doi:10.2307/2484630. JSTOR 2484630.
- Steven A. McKay (March 17, 2004). "Demand increasing for aronia and elderberry in North America". New York Berry News 3 (11).
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- "Total polyphenols in black chokeberry". http://www.phenol-explorer.eu (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Phenol-Explorer. 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
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- Taheri, R; Connolly, B. A.; Brand, M. H.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (36): 8581–8. doi:10.1021/jf402449q. PMID 23941506. edit
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- Ipatova, O. M.; Prozorovskaia, N. N.; Rusina, I. F.; Prozorovskiĭ, V. N. (2003). "Antioxidant properties of a leaf extract from Aronia (Aronia melanocarba) containing proanthocyanidins". Biomeditsinskaia khimiia 49 (2): 165–76. PMID 14565080. edit
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- Kim, B.; Ku, C. S.; Pham, T. X.; Park, Y.; Martin, D. A.; Xie, L.; Taheri, R.; Lee, J.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) polyphenol–rich extract improves antioxidant function and reduces total plasma cholesterol in apolipoprotein E knockout mice". Nutrition Research 33 (5): 406–413. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.001. PMID 23684442. edit
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- Jump up ^ Han, G.-L., Li, C.-M., Mazza, G., & Yang, X.-G (2005). "Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 34 (5): 581–4. PMID 16329602.
- Jump up ^ Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Marazova, K., Krasnaliev, I., Galunska, B., Borisova, P., & Belcheva, A (2005). "Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats". Exp Toxicol Pathol 56 (6): 385–92. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.01.001. PMID 15945278.
- Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitaichi, N., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, T., Ohno, S. (2005). "Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (1): 275–81. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0715. PMID 15623784.
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- Rugină, D; Sconţa, Z; Leopold, L; Pintea, A; Bunea, A; Socaciu, C (2012). "Antioxidant activities of chokeberry extracts and the cytotoxic action of their anthocyanin fraction on He La human cervical tumor cells". Journal of Medicinal Food 15 (8): 700–6. doi:10.1089/jmf.2011.0246. PMC 3407391. PMID 22846076. edit
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延伸阅读
[编辑]- Aronia: The North American super berry with cancer-fighting properties (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Chris Kilham Fox News, June 7, 2013
外部链接
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