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情態

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情態(modality)是一個語法學術語,是用來體現說話者對其所言的主觀態度的句法語義範疇[1]

功能

[編輯]

本來,句子是表達說話者的所知、看法或要求的,而情態則是為了表達說話者主觀上認為自己的所知、看法的真實性(可能),或實現自己要求的強制性(必要)或意願性(意願)如何,提供了若干種不同的選擇。[1]比如:

(1)火車開走了。
(2)火車一定開走了。
(3)火車可能開走了。
(4)我認為火車開走了。

這四個句子所表達的意義涉及同樣的一個事件。但說話者對於句中描述的時間和真實世界的關系所持有的態度卻有不同。句(1)採用的是客觀陳述,說話者對事件的真實性確定無誤;而其餘三句都增加了說話者的主觀態度的表達,其中句(3)對事實真實性的確信程度最低。

語法形式

[編輯]

情態範疇主要由情態動詞或「我認為/我相信/我肯定/我確定」等小句來體現。[1]

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 李娟(2010):《語言學綱要(修訂版)》,北京:北京大學出版社。148頁。

參考文獻

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  • Saeed, John I. (2003). Sentence semantics 1: Situations: Modality and evidentiality. In J. I Saeed, Semantics (2nd. ed) (Sec. 5.3, pp. 135–143). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22692-3, ISBN 0-631-22693-1.
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