预定论
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預定論(Predestination)在神學中是指所有事件都由上帝意志所決定,特別是關於個人靈魂的最終命運。[1]這一教義通常涉及自由意志的悖論,即上帝的全知似乎與人類的自由意志不相容。預定論經常被視為宗教決定論的一種形式。
歷史
[编辑]前基督教時期
[编辑]一些學者認為《以諾書》包含一種決定論的世界觀,與二元論結合。[2]《禧年書》似乎將自由意志和決定論相結合。便·西拉則強調自由意志,認為上帝允許人類在善與惡之間做出選擇。[3]
新約時期
[编辑]學者對一世紀猶太教的預定觀點存在分歧。約瑟夫斯記載了三個主要猶太教派別對此問題的不同看法。保羅在《羅馬書》8-11章中探討了預定的問題,特別是羅馬書8:28-30節,被解釋為上帝選擇特定的人得救。[4]}}學者們對此段經文有不同的詮釋,有人認為這僅與服務有關,而非救贖。[5]
教父時期
[编辑]奧古斯丁在早期認為預定是基於上帝對個人功勳的預知,但後來他改變了觀點,認為信仰是上帝恩典的結果,而非人類行為的獎勵。[6]奧古斯丁的觀點引發了爭議,一些學者如艾克蘭的朱利安認為他主張雙重預定,即上帝選擇一些人得救,同時也選擇一些人受罰。[7]
中世紀
[编辑]托馬斯·阿奎那認為上帝的預定僅基於他的善良,而非受造物的善行。他主張人類擁有自由意志,完全對自己的罪行負責。[8]奧卡姆則認為上帝的預定是基於對人類選擇的預見。[9]
宗教改革
[编辑]約翰·加爾文主張雙重預定,即上帝預定某些人得救,另一些人注定受罰。他認為,儘管上帝預定了罪人的命運,但罪人的罪行是其受罰的原因,而救贖完全是上帝的恩典。此外,其他宗教改革者如茨溫利也持有雙重預定的觀點。
基督教各教派的觀點
[编辑]東正教
[编辑]東正教強調人類自由意志與上帝恩典的協作。神學家聖西奧凡表示,人的努力與上帝的恩典需結合才能達到救贖。[10]
羅馬天主教
[编辑]羅馬天主教教導預定論,但不否認自由意志。天主教教義認為,上帝在預定中包含了每個人對其恩典的自由回應。奧古斯丁的教義對天主教的預定論有深遠影響,他強調上帝的聖寵引導人們行善。[11]
新教
[编辑]加爾文主義
[编辑]加爾文主義主張無條件選擇和雙重預定,認為上帝根據自己的意志選擇得救者和受罰者。
阿民念主義
[编辑]阿民念主義認為上帝的預定是基於對人類信仰的預見,強調人的自由意志和上帝恩典的相互作用。[12]
預定論的類型
[编辑]- 有條件選擇:有條件選擇認為上帝根據預見到的信仰選擇救贖對象,強調個人的自由意志。這一觀點與無條件選擇相對立,後者認為上帝僅根據自己的目的選擇得救者。
- 雙重預定:雙重預定主張上帝同時預定某些人得救和某些人受罰。這一觀點在宗教改革時期的加爾文主義中得到了廣泛支持。
- 中間知識:中間知識由耶穌會神學家莫利納提出,試圖調和上帝的主權與自由意志。中間知識認為,上帝在創世前就知道每個人會在各種情境下做出何種選擇,並根據這些預見來實現其意志。
伊斯蘭教的觀點
[编辑]在伊斯蘭教中,預定論也有重要地位。伊斯蘭教教義指出,真主阿拉是全知全能的,所有的事情都在他的掌控之中,是六正信之一。穆斯林相信,真主已經預定了每個人的生命、死亡以及他們的命運。然而,這並不意味著人類沒有自由意志。穆斯林學者認為,人類仍需對自己的行為負責,並且有能力選擇遵循或違背真主的指引。這種觀點試圖調和真主的全知和人類的自由意志。
參見
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]引文
[编辑]- ^ Predestination. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005 [13 June 2011] –通过Dictionary.com.
- ^ Malan, J. C. Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament. Neotestamentica. 1983, 17: 84–96. ISSN 0254-8356. JSTOR 43047851.
- ^ Sigal, Philip. The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D..
- ^ Levering 2011,第25頁.
- ^ Levering 2011,第33頁.
- ^ Levering 2011,第44頁.
- ^ Chadwick 1993,第232頁.
- ^ Levering 2011,第70頁.
- ^ Levering 2011,第88頁.
- ^ St. Theophan the Recluse, An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture, as quoted in Johanna Manley's The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians, p. 609.
- ^ Augustine of Hippo. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ.. Anti Pelagian Writings. [23 March 2013].
- ^ Stanglin & McCall 2012,第190頁.
來源
[编辑]- Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2, books 2, 3. 由Henry Beveridge翻译. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. 1845 (英语).
- Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. London: Penguin books. 1993 (英语).
- dePrater, William A. God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4982-0454-5 (英语).
- EncyclopaediaE. Gregory Of Rimini. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-08 (英语).
- EncyclopaediaE. Ratramnus. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-03 (英语).
- James, Frank A. III. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Oxford: Clarendon. 1998 [14 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于22 December 2015) (英语).
- Levering, Matthew. Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-960452-4 (英语).
- Trueman, Carl R. Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556. Oxford: Clarendon. 1994 [15 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于22 December 2015) (英语).
- Olson, Roger E. Calvinism and Arminianism Compared. Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings. Patheos. 2018 [2019-08-27] (英语).
- Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. 1997 (英语).
- Stacey, John. John Wycliffe. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024 (英语).
- Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012 (英语).
Wiley, H. Orton. Christian theology (3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press. 1940 (英语).
延伸閱讀
[编辑]- Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013, ISBN 978-1409463863. Book review at Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History
- Akin, James. The Salvation Controversy. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. Vid. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter. ISBN 1888992182
- Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald. Predestination. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. N.B.: Trans. of the author's La Prédestination des saints et la grâce; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo. ISBN 0895556340
- Park, Jae-Eun. John Knox's Doctrine of Predestination and Its Practical Application for His Ecclesiology. Puritan Reformed Journal. July 2013, 5 (2): 65–90.
- John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace." Reformation & Renaissance Review, 18.2 (2016): 155–173.
外部連結
[编辑]- "Determinism in Theology: Predestination" by Robert M. Kingdon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973–1974)
- "The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."
- Predestination
- Understanding Predestination in Islam
- Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate
- Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
- The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
- The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election *互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期3 October 2008. by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
- "Predestination" from The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)
- Academic articles on predestination and election (Lutheran perspective)
- Predestination and Free Will Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives
- On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective
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