梅爾文·戈爾茨坦
梅爾文·戈爾茨坦 | |
---|---|
出生 | 1938年2月8日 ![]() |
母校 | |
職業 | 人類學家、藏學者、大學教師 ![]() |
梅爾文·戈爾茨坦(英語:Melvyn Goldstein,1938年2月8日—)是一名美國社會人類學家、藏學家,深入研究西藏社會、歷史、現代政治、一夫多妻制等等。
出生於紐約市,先後從密歇根大學取得歷史學學士和碩士,再從華盛頓大學取得人類學博士,其後長期擔任凱斯西儲大學人類學教授。[1]
爭議
[編輯]戈爾茨坦是一位頂尖的西方藏語學家和西藏政治史學者,一直相當富有成果。他的作品中的很多內容具有爭議,藏人中的民族主義者經常質疑他的意圖[2],並認為戈爾茨坦的立場親中,指控其研究經常得到中國政府的協助,能夠從中國政府方面拿到其它西方學者得不到的材料。支持西藏獨立的西藏流亡作家嘉央諾布指其著作抹黑西藏歷史,並引用諾貝爾經濟學獎得主阿馬蒂亞·森的話:「可疑的歷史無法為可疑的政治辯護」。[3][4]然而,戈爾茨坦其實是以中立的觀點來描述西藏,[5]其《西藏現代史》系列被歷史學家本諾·韋納描述為「數十年來對中部西藏社會和歷史的開創性學術成果」,[6]學者傑弗里·霍普金斯亦表示「這本書值得高度讚揚,因為它首次嘗試對1913年至1951年的西藏政治進行中立而全面的描述」,[7]而美國歷史學家莫里斯·羅薩比也對其作品有類似評價。[8]站在第三方角度,戈爾茨坦對於西藏歷史的觀點無論與西藏流亡人士還是中國政府的觀點相比均有明顯的區別。以後者為例,中華人民共和國政府聲稱西藏是明朝的一部分、明朝繼承了元朝對西藏的主權,但戈爾茨坦則持完全不同觀點,認為「明朝皇帝對該地區沒有行使任何行政權力。明朝皇帝授予藏族領導人許多頭銜,但不像蒙古人那樣授予權威。明朝皇帝授予已經掌權的藏人爵位,只不過承認了政治現實」。[9]但不管怎樣,戈爾茨坦是一位資料工作做得比較好的學者,即使不同意他的觀點的人,也很重視他所收集的文獻和實地調查資料。
家庭
[編輯]著作
[編輯]中譯本
[編輯]- 《西藏現代史:1913-1951 喇嘛王國的覆滅》,杜永彬 譯,北京:時事出版社,1994年6月,ISBN 7-80009-219-4。書名原文:A history of modern tibet 1913-1951 the demise of the Lamaist state。本書考察研究了藏傳佛教王國近40年衰亡的過程及其原因。
- 《西藏現代史:1951-1955 暴風雨之前的平靜》,2014年7月,香港大學出版社。
- 《現代西藏史:1955-1957》,彭雲 譯,2019年11月,香港中文大學出版社。
- 《現代西藏史:1957-1959》,彭雲 譯,2021年10月,香港中文大學出版社。
- 《今日西藏牧民:美國人眼中的西藏》,上海:上海翻譯出版公司,1991年9月,ISBN 7-80514-784-1。書名原文Nomads of Western Tibet the survival of a way of life。本書根據香港奧達斯製作有限公司1990年版譯出。本書描繪了藏族牧民傳統的游牧生活方式,遭遇以及現狀,並精選了212張攝影照片。
- 《西藏是我家: 扎西次仁的自傳》. 由楊和晉翻譯. Carle Place, NY: 明鏡出版社. 2000年. ISBN 978-962-85635-0-0 (中文(繁體)).
- 《西藏是我家》. 由楊和晉翻譯. 中國藏學出版社. 2006年. ISBN 978-7-80057-678-2 (中文(中國大陸)).
- 一位藏族革命家: 巴塘人平措汪杰的时代和政治生涯. 由黃瀟瀟翻譯. 香港: 香港大學出版社. 2011. ISBN 9789888028689.
書籍
[編輯]- A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 1: 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. University of California Press. 1989, ISBN 0-520-07590-0
- A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-24941-7.
- A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 3: The Storm Clouds Descend, 1955–1957, University of California Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-520-27651-2.
- A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 4: In the Eye of the Storm, 1957-1959. University of California Press. 2019年10月22日. ISBN 9780520278554.
- A New Tibetan English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan, University of California Press, Pp. 1200, 2001.
- (with Dawei Sherap, William Siebenschuh), A Tibetan Revolutionary. The Political Life of Bapa Phüntso Wangye, University of California Press, 2004.
- (with Ben Jiao, Tanzen Lhundrup), On the Cultural Revolution in Tibet: The Nyemo Incident of 1969, University of California Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-520-25682-8.
- The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. University of California Press. 1997. ISBN 9780520923256.
- (with William Siebenschuh, and Tashi Tsering), The Struggle for a Modern Tibet: the Life of Tashi Tsering, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 1997.
期刊論文
[編輯]- "Stratification, Polyandry and Family Structure in Tibet," in Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27, No. 1: 64-74, 1971.
- "Serfdom and Mobility: An Examination of the Institution of "Human Lease" in Traditional Tibetan Society," in The Journal of Asian Studies, May 1971, vol. 30, issue 3, pp. 521-534.
- "Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal," in Human Ecology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 223–233, 1976.
- "Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited," in Ethnology, 17(3): 325-347, 1978.
- (with P. Tsarong), "Tibetan Buddhist Monasticism: Social, Psychological and Cultural Implications," in The Tibet Journal, 10(1): 14-31, 1985.
- "Re-examining Choice, Dependency and Command in the Tibetan Social System. "Tax Appendages" and Other Landless Serfs," in The Tibet Journal, vol. XI, No 4, 1986, pp. 79-112.
- "When Brothers Share a Wife," in Natural History, March, 1987.
- "On the Nature of Tibetan Peasantry," in The Tibet Journal, vol. XIII, No 1, 1988, pp. 61-65.
- "Freedom, Servitude and the "Servant Serf" Nyima," in The Tibet Journal, vol. XIV, No 2, 1989, pp. 56-60.
- (與Cynthia M. Beall合著), "China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region," in Asian Survey, vol. 31, No 3, 1991, pp. 286-303.
- "The Dalai Lama's Dilemma (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)," in Foreign Affairs, vol. 77, No. 1, January/February 1998.
- (與Ben Jiao, Cynthia M. Beall和Phuntso Tsering合著), "Fertility & Family Planning in Rural Tibet (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)," in The China Journal, Issue 1, 2002.
- (with G. Childs, Phujung Wangdui), "Beijing's 'People First' development initiative for the Tibet Autonomous Region's rural sector — a case study from the Shigatse area (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)," in The China Journal, 2010, Vol. 63, pp. 59–78.
- (與Cynthia M. Beall合著), "Changing patterns of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism," In Human Biology of Pastoral Populations, Leonard and Crawford (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 131–150.
書籍章節
[編輯]- "Adjudication and Partition in the Tibetan Stem Family," in D. Buxbaum (ed.), Chinese Family Law and Social Change, University of Washington Press, 1978.
- "The Revival of Monastic Life in Drepung Monastery," in Goldstein and Kapstein (eds.), Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival & Cultural Identity, pp. 16–52, 1998a.
- "Introduction," in Goldstein and Kapstein (eds.), Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival & Cultural Identity, pp. 1–15, 1998b.
- (with Cynthia M. Beall), "Changing patterns of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism," in Human Biology of Pastoral Populations, Leonard and Crawford (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 131–150.
- "Tibetan Buddhism and Mass Monasticism," in Des moines et des moniales dans le monde. La vie monastique dans le miroir de la parenté (ss la dir. de Adeline Herrou et Gisele Krauskopff), Presses universitaires de Toulouse-le Mirail, 2010.
特別報告
[編輯]- Tibet, China and the United States: Reflections on the Tibet Question (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Occasional Paper Series, The Atlantic Council of the United States, April 1995, 89 p.
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ CWRU. Curriculum vitae of Melvyn C. Goldstein (Revised 1-7-2013) (PDF). cwru.edu. Case Western Reserve University. 7 January 2013 [2013-06-24]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於23 September 2015).
- ^ Robert Barnett. Melvyn C. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet. Volume 2: The Calm before the Storm, 1951-1955. Book reviews. China Perspectives. 2009-03, (The Deadlock in Tibet). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.4867.
- ^ Norbu, Jamyang. BLACK ANNALS: Goldstein & The Negation Of Tibetan History (Part I). 故鄉網. July 22, 2008 [2021-12-11]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-11).
- ^ Norbu, Jamyang. Black Annals: Goldstein & the Negation of Tibetan History (Part II). 故鄉網. [2021-12-11]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-11).
- ^ John Pinfold. Tibet. Clio Press. 1991: 40. ISBN 9788184246834.
- ^ Weiner, Benno. A History of Modern Tibet, vol. 4, 1957–1959: In the Eye of the Storm by Melvyn C. Goldstein (review). Twentieth-century China (Johns Hopkins University Press). 2020, 45 (3): E–16. ISSN 1521-5385. S2CID 242571589. doi:10.1353/tcc.2020.0032.
- ^ P. Jeffrey Hopkins. Reviewed Work: A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951; The Demise of the Lamaist State. by Melvyn C. Goldstein. JSTOR 2058263.
- ^ Melvyn C. Goldstein. A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State, Volume 1. University of California Press. 2023. ISBN 9780520911765.
- ^ Goldstein(1997年),第4頁
- ^ Epstein, Israel. My China Eye: Memoirs of a Jew and a Journalist. Long River Press: 277. 2005年9月13日 [2022年9月13日]. ISBN 9781592650422. (原始內容存檔於2022年9月13日) –透過Google Books.