粉砂岩
沉積岩 | |
![]() 粉砂岩 |
粉砂岩(英語:Siltstone)又稱aleurolite[1],是一種碎屑沉積岩,主要由粉砂組成。與頁岩不同在於缺乏片狀裂理。 粉砂岩滲透率和孔隙率相對較低,但可形成天然氣緻密儲層岩石 [2][3]。 開采需要水力壓裂[4]。粉砂岩在古埃及用於製造雕像和化妝品調色板。 在 Wadi Hammamat 開采的粉砂岩最有名。是一種堅硬、細粒的粉砂岩,抗剝落[5]。
描述
[編輯]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Holtzclaw_siltstone-Kentucky.jpg/220px-Holtzclaw_siltstone-Kentucky.jpg)
粉砂被定義為直徑為 2–62 μm 的顆粒,或在 Krumbein phi (φ) 尺度上為 4 至 8 的顆粒[6]。 粉砂岩是任何含有 50% 或更多粉砂大小顆粒的沉積岩[7]。 粉砂岩與砂岩不同,因為它們的孔隙更小,並且含粘土量大。雖然經常被誤認為是頁岩,但粉砂岩缺乏頁岩典型的片狀裂理。 粉砂岩可能含有結核 [8][9]. 且其風化面與層理無關。
來源
[編輯]粉砂岩是一種不尋常的岩石,其中大部分粉砂顆粒由石英製成[10]。 石英粉砂的起源一直是很多研究和爭論的話題[11][12]。一些石英粉砂可能起源於細粒葉頁狀變質岩,而許多海相粉砂可能是生物成因[13][14]. 但大多數石英沉積物來自石英的花崗岩[15]. 花崗岩顆粒很大需要高能量地質作用粉碎這些顆粒[16]。 例如冰川磨蝕[17][18]. 在寒冷、構造活躍的山脈中風化;正常風化,特別是在熱帶地區[19][20]. 以及在炎熱的沙漠環境中由鹽形成[21]. 粉砂岩形成於相對安靜的沉積環境中,細顆粒可以從傳輸介質(空氣或水)中沉澱出來並在地表堆積[22]。 在濁積岩序列[23], [[三角洲<]]ref name=」Line」>Lineback, Jerry Alvin. "Deep-water sediments adjacent to the Borden Siltstone (Mississippian) delta in southern Illinois." Circular no. 401 (1966) </ref>,冰川沉積物[24] 和微地槽環境中都存在[25]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Gyöngyi Farkas Characterization of subterranean bacteria in the Hungarian Upper Permian Siltstone (Aleurolite) Formation Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46(6):559-64
- ^ Clarkson, Christopher R.; Jensen, Jerry L.; Pedersen, Per Kent; Freeman, Melissa (February 2012). "Innovative methods for flow-unit and pore-structure analyses in a tight siltstone and shale gas reservoir". AAPG Bulletin. 96 (2): 355–374.
- ^ Cao, Zhe; Liu, Guangdi; Zhan, Hongbin; Gao, Jin; Zhang, Jingya; Li, Chaozheng; Xiang, Baoli (May 2017). "Geological roles of the siltstones in tight oil play". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 83: 333–344. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.02.020.
- ^ Ben E. Law and Charles W. Spencer, 1993, "Gas in tight reservoirs-an emerging major source of energy," in David G. Howell (ed.), The Future of Energy Gasses, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1570, p.233-252
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- ^ Melezhik, Victor A.; Fallick, Anthony E.; Smith, Richard A.; Rosse, Danta M. (December 2007). "Spherical and columnar, septarian, 18 O-depleted, calcite concretions from Middle–Upper Permian lacustrine siltstones in northern Mozambique: evidence for very early diagenesis and multiple fluids". Sedimentology. 54 (6): 1389–1416. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00886.x.
- ^ Middleton, Heather A.; Nelson, Campbell S. (May 1996). "Origin and timing of siderite and calcite concretions in late Palaeogene non- to marginal-marine facies of the Te Kuiti Group, New Zealand". Sedimentary Geology. 103 (1–2): 93–115. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(95)00092-5
- ^ Nahon, D.; Trompette, R. (February 1982). "Origin of siltstones: glacial grinding versus weathering". Sedimentology. 29 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb01706.x.
- ^ Nemecz, Ernö; Pécsi, Márton; Hartyáni, Zsuzsa; Horváth, Timea (June 2000). "The origin of the silt size quartz grains and minerals in loess". Quaternary International. 68–71: 199–208. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00044-6
- ^ Smalley, Ian (January 1990). "Possible formation mechanisms for the modal coarse-silt quartz particles in loess deposits". Quaternary International. 7–8: 23–27. doi:10.1016/1040-6182(90)90035-3.
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- ^ Schieber, Jürgen; Krinsley, Dave; Riciputi, Lee (August 2000). "Diagenetic origin of quartz silt in mudstones and implications for silica cycling". Nature. 406 (6799): 981–985. doi:10.1038/35023143. PMID 10984049. S2CID 4417951
- ^ Potter, Paul Edwin; Maynard, James; Pryor, Wayne A. (1980). Sedimentology of shale : study guide and reference source. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387904301
- ^ Assallay, A (November 1998). "Silt: 2–62 μm, 9–4φ". Earth-Science Reviews. 45 (1–2): 61–88. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00035-X.
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- ^ Goudie, A.S.; Cooke, R.U.; Doornkamp, J.C. (June 1979). "The formation of silt from quartz dune sand by salt-weathering processes in deserts". Journal of Arid Environments. 2 (2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31786-5
- ^ Lillie, Robert J. (2005). Parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393924076.
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