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User:蘿蔔糕柯南/沙盒

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芽莊巴斯德研究院
Institut Pasteur de Nha Trang
Viện Pasteur Nha Trang
研究院大樓的前方
成立時間1895年
總部 越南慶和省芽莊市陳富街8號
重要人物
袁光枚（院長）
員工数170
網站http://pasteur-nhatrang.org.vn/

芽莊巴斯德研究院（法語：Institut Pasteur de Nha Trang；越南语：Viện Pasteur Nha Trang）是一座位於越南慶和省芽莊市的巴斯德研究院，成立於法國殖民時期，由越南衛生部直接管理[1]。

歷史

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芽莊巴斯德研究院在1895年由亞歷山大·耶爾森創立，專門負責研究動物疾病、 their prophylaxis and treatment. 耶爾森在位於芽莊以外20公里處的油泉（越南语：Suối Dầu／洡油）買下了一幅500公頃的土地，以飼養600隻用於研究的牲畜；這些牲畜包括山羊、綿羊、和水牛。平整土地、為動物建造棚舍的工作由耶爾森和他手下的苦力完成。Yersin hung a bell around neck of each animal to keep local tigers from attacking them. Within a few years, veterinarians joined the researchers at the institute and developed an anti- plague serum for human use and several serum for use in cattle. [2]

In the first few years, Yersin and his team studied most of the local diseases common in animals in Indochina, developing treatments for them and making them available to the local populace. The research was expensive; despite government subsidies and donations, he would have to find a local source of financing. Yersin introduced rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) to the property; the first crop planted in 1898 gave a latex harvest in 1904 (this was sold to the local Michelin producer). The rubber crop helped support the Institute’s activities. [2] This property was later bequeathed to the Nha Trang Institute after his death. Ten years after the introduction of the rubber plants, Yersin introduced Cinchona plants for the production of quinine. His effort would take 20 years to give favourable results. After his death, Yersin was buried on the Suoi Giao property. [3]

An epidemic of plague came to Nha Trang in 1898 and was one of the first diseases studied at the Institute. The Nha Trang facilities were placed are under the supervision of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1904 and Yersin takes over leadership of the facility that same year. [3]

1976年越南統一後，越南政府便把芽莊改為

After the reunification of Vietnam in 1975, the Nha Trang facility is made into a provincial hygiene institute by the government. In 1990, Nha Trang rejoins the family of worldwide Pasteur Institutes. In 1992, scientists from Nha Trang travel to Paris to study at the Pasteur Institute. In 1997, a museum dedicated to Alexandre Yersin is opened in Nha Trang, attracting many tourists. [3]

1975年4月2日（芽莊市）解放後，巴斯德研究院仍然繼續運作，並成為衛生及流行病學研究院，負責中部沿海各省的疾病防控，並為這些省份培訓技術幹部。

đảm nhận chức năng nhiệm vụ của một Viện Vệ sinh dịch tễ các tỉnh ven biển miền Trung và công tác đào tạo cán bộ kỹ thuật xét nghiệm cho các tỉnh miền Trung, xây dựng tuyến trước, đi sâu nghiên cứu các mặt dịch tễ học, vi sinh vật học và miễn dịch học. Bộ phận sản xuất vacxin huyết thanh do Yersin tạo lập trước đây đã tách ra, trở thành Viện Vacxin huyết thanh Việt Nam, lấy Nha Trang làm cơ sở chính.

Into the 21st Century, the Institute is still conducting medical research. [4]

參考資料

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  1. ^ Institut Pasteur in Nha Trang. Institut Pasteur. [November 6, 2016]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Perrot, Annick; Schwartz, Maxime. Pasteur et ses lieutenants: Roux, Yersin et les autres. Odile Jacob. 2013. ISBN 9782738177810 （French）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bronnec, Thomas; Fechner, Benoist. L'institut Pasteur de Nha Trang. L’express L’Expansion. 01/09/2004 [November 6, 2016] （French）. 
  4. ^ Buchy, P.; et al. Prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C and E virus markers among patients with elevated levels of Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and Nha Trang (Central Vietnam). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. August 2004, 97 (3): 165–71 [November 6, 2016]. PMID 15462195. 

http://www.baokhanhhoa.com.vn/english/tourism/200605/nha-trang-pasteur-institute-1791938/

http://en.vietnamplus.vn/pasteur-nha-trang-institute-awarded-independence-order/86463.vnp

  • Petersen, Christian Fogd; Petersen, Wilhelm (illustration). Bedells, John , 编. The International Flag Book in Colour. London: Blandford Press. 1979: 78, 182–183. ISBN 07137-0536-1. 
    • 南越第三種國徽在1963年啟用。圖案和國旗一致。1975年後棄而不用。
      • 黃色：象徵祖國土地，也象徵稻米。
      • 三條緊緊相鄰的直線：象徵北、中、南圻在同一個國家之下統一起來。這三條直線的形狀和八卦當中的乾卦（☰）很相似，在先天八卦方位當中，乾卦象徵的是南方，剛好和「越南」這個國家的名字相對應。
      • 有時國徽兩旁會出現護盾獸——龍，象徵權力和高尚的品格。

正文

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在人際溝通中，我訊息或我陳述是說話者對個人感受、信念、價值觀等方面的斷言，一般的表達形式是以「我」開頭的句子。與之相對的是你訊息或你陳述，這種斷言通常以「你」開頭，把重點放在對方。這個概念由美國心理學家托马斯·戈登（英语：Thomas Gordon (psychologist)）在對兒童採取遊戲療法的時候發明，並收錄在他為家長撰寫的書籍《父母效能訓練》（P.E.T.: Parent Effectiveness Training，1970年）[1]:xii[2]。使用我訊息的動機通常是令自己的話語更有主張（英语：Assertiveness），避免以指控激起對方的防衛心理，同時承擔造成感受的原因，而不是暗示其他人造成。[3]

我訊息也可以用於constructive criticism，例如有人說「這文章我讀了三遍才能明白」，而不是「這段文字寫得很令人困擾」，或者「你要學習一下怎樣遣詞造句才叫清晰。」第一句。The former comment leaves open the possibility that the fault lies with the giver of the criticism. According to the Conflict Resolution Network, I-statements are a dispute resolution conversation opener that can be used to state how one sees things and how one would like things to be, without using inflaming language[4]。

研究

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香港一項關於兒童對母親各項訊息的反應的研究發現，兒童最能接受的話語是表達內心困擾的我訊息，最反感的是帶有批評意味的你訊息[5]:8。另一項以大學生為對象的研究則發現，說話者表達負面情緒時，無論是使用我訊息或你訊息，大學生的情緒反應都沒有差別，不過說話者表達正面情緒時，如果使用你訊息肯定對方，對方會更能接受[6]:26。

一項收集青少年的報告，評估他們在情緒上對我訊息和你訊息有何反應的研究發現，語帶指責的你訊息會激起更強烈的憤怒情緒，與描述自我的我訊息相比，也更容易引致帶有對抗意味的反應[7]。

參見

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Gordon, Thomas; Edwards, W. Sterling. Making the patient your partner: Communication Skills for Doctors and Other Caregivers (Edition of 1997). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1995. ISBN 978-0-86569-255-8. 
  2. ^ Gordon, Thomas. Origins of the Gordon Model. Solana Beach, California: Gordon Training International. [2012-01-17]. 
  3. ^ "I" Statements not "You" Statements, International Online Training Program On Intractable Conflict, Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, USA
  4. ^ When to Use "I" Statements from 12 Skills: 4. Appropriate Assertiveness. Conflict Resolution Network. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  5. ^ Cheung, Siu Kau; Kwok, Sylvia Y.C. How do Hong Kong children react to maternal I-messages and inductive reasoning?需要付费订阅. The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work. 2003, 37 (11): 3-14 [2008-08-23]. doi:10.1142/S0219246203000020. 
  6. ^ Bippus, Amy M.; Young, Stacy L. Owning Your Emotions: Reactions to Expressions of Self- versus Other-Attributed Positive and Negative Emotions. Journal of Applied Communication Research (National Communication Association, Taylor & Francis). 2005, 33 (1): 26–45 [2008-08-23]. doi:10.1080/0090988042000318503. 
  7. ^ Kubany, E. S.; Richard, D. C.; Bauer, G. B.; Muraoka, M. Y. Verbalized Anger and Accusatory "You" Messages as Cues for Anger and Antagonism among Adolescents. Adolescence (Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra Publishers). 1992, 27 (107): 505-516. 


備用

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  • Someone asked when I promoted the Chinese version of Layar Terkembang to the DYK queue that if the novel is ever translated into English. Since you're not here, I have to reply by myself in this way: "What I find on the Internet is that there are no English translations of this novel. The National Library of Australia shown in its OPAC that there was one, but if my memory serves me no wrong, Balai Pustaka is not type of an agency which translated important works in Indonesian literature into English. Lontar Foundation, on the other side, do handle such works, but their website shows that they translated none of the works written by Alisjahbana. Also, if the OPAC is correct, why didn't Mahayana, Sofyan & Dian (2007) mentioned it? That justified my doubt." .
  • While writing the Chinese version of the article Jalan Tak Ada Ujung, I found that the reception part is way too short if compared to other Indonesian literary works I introduced in zhwp before. I am not in the US, EU states, Australia or Indonesia, so can't do much to access Teeuw (1980), and therefore another local source with a similar scope. It would be nice if such sources can be made available for enhancement of the article.
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