跳至內容

用戶:蘿蔔糕柯南/沙盒

維基百科,自由的百科全書
芽莊巴斯德研究院
Institut Pasteur de Nha Trang
Viện Pasteur Nha Trang
研究院大樓的前方
成立時間1895年
總部 越南慶和省芽莊市陳富街8號
重要人物
袁光枚(院長)
員工數170
網站http://pasteur-nhatrang.org.vn/

芽莊巴斯德研究院(法語:Institut Pasteur de Nha Trang越南語Viện Pasteur Nha Trang)是一座位於越南慶和省芽莊市巴斯德研究院,成立於法國殖民時期,由越南衛生部直接管理[1]

歷史

[編輯]

芽莊巴斯德研究院在1895年由亞歷山大·耶爾森創立,專門負責研究動物疾病、 their prophylaxis and treatment. 耶爾森在位於芽莊以外20公里處的油泉(越南語Suối Dầu洡油)買下了一幅500公頃的土地,以飼養600隻用於研究的牲畜;這些牲畜包括山羊、綿羊、和水牛。平整土地、為動物建造棚舍的工作由耶爾森和他手下的苦力完成。Yersin hung a bell around neck of each animal to keep local tigers from attacking them. Within a few years, veterinarians joined the researchers at the institute and developed an anti- plague serum for human use and several serum for use in cattle. [2]

In the first few years, Yersin and his team studied most of the local diseases common in animals in Indochina, developing treatments for them and making them available to the local populace. The research was expensive; despite government subsidies and donations, he would have to find a local source of financing. Yersin introduced rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) to the property; the first crop planted in 1898 gave a latex harvest in 1904 (this was sold to the local Michelin producer). The rubber crop helped support the Institute’s activities. [2] This property was later bequeathed to the Nha Trang Institute after his death. Ten years after the introduction of the rubber plants, Yersin introduced Cinchona plants for the production of quinine. His effort would take 20 years to give favourable results. After his death, Yersin was buried on the Suoi Giao property. [3]

An epidemic of plague came to Nha Trang in 1898 and was one of the first diseases studied at the Institute. The Nha Trang facilities were placed are under the supervision of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1904 and Yersin takes over leadership of the facility that same year. [3]

1976年越南統一後,越南政府便把芽莊改為

After the reunification of Vietnam in 1975, the Nha Trang facility is made into a provincial hygiene institute by the government. In 1990, Nha Trang rejoins the family of worldwide Pasteur Institutes. In 1992, scientists from Nha Trang travel to Paris to study at the Pasteur Institute. In 1997, a museum dedicated to Alexandre Yersin is opened in Nha Trang, attracting many tourists. [3]

1975年4月2日(芽莊市)解放後,巴斯德研究院仍然繼續運作,並成為衛生及流行病學研究院,負責中部沿海各省的疾病防控,並為這些省份培訓技術幹部。

đảm nhận chức năng nhiệm vụ của một Viện Vệ sinh dịch tễ các tỉnh ven biển miền Trung và công tác đào tạo cán bộ kỹ thuật xét nghiệm cho các tỉnh miền Trung, xây dựng tuyến trước, đi sâu nghiên cứu các mặt dịch tễ học, vi sinh vật học và miễn dịch học. Bộ phận sản xuất vacxin huyết thanh do Yersin tạo lập trước đây đã tách ra, trở thành Viện Vacxin huyết thanh Việt Nam, lấy Nha Trang làm cơ sở chính.

Into the 21st Century, the Institute is still conducting medical research. [4]

參考資料

[編輯]
  1. ^ Institut Pasteur in Nha Trang. Institut Pasteur. [November 6, 2016]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Perrot, Annick; Schwartz, Maxime. Pasteur et ses lieutenants: Roux, Yersin et les autres. Odile Jacob. 2013. ISBN 9782738177810 (French). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bronnec, Thomas; Fechner, Benoist. L'institut Pasteur de Nha Trang. L』express L』Expansion. 01/09/2004 [November 6, 2016] (French). 
  4. ^ Buchy, P.; et al. Prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C and E virus markers among patients with elevated levels of Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and Nha Trang (Central Vietnam). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. August 2004, 97 (3): 165–71 [November 6, 2016]. PMID 15462195. 

http://www.baokhanhhoa.com.vn/english/tourism/200605/nha-trang-pasteur-institute-1791938/

http://en.vietnamplus.vn/pasteur-nha-trang-institute-awarded-independence-order/86463.vnp


  • Petersen, Christian Fogd; Petersen, Wilhelm (illustration). Bedells, John , 編. The International Flag Book in Colour. London: Blandford Press. 1979: 78, 182–183. ISBN 07137-0536-1. 
    • 南越第三種國徽在1963年啟用。圖案和國旗一致。1975年後棄而不用。
      • 黃色:象徵祖國土地,也象徵稻米。
      • 三條緊緊相鄰的直線:象徵北、中、南圻在同一個國家之下統一起來。這三條直線的形狀和八卦當中的乾卦(☰)很相似,在先天八卦方位當中,乾卦象徵的是南方,剛好和「越南」這個國家的名字相對應。
      • 有時國徽兩旁會出現護盾獸——龍,象徵權力和高尚的品格。

正文

[編輯]
主人開箱
  • Pembrita Betawi = 巴打威新聞
  • Hindia Olanda = 荷蘭東印度?
  • Warna Sari = 百花?
  • Bromartani = 布拉瑪塔尼報
  • Dreyfusiana = 德里弗斯?
  • Soenda Berita = 巽他新聞?
  • Sarekat Priyayi = 紳士協會
  • Soeloeh Keadilan = 正義之光
  • Poetri Hindia = 東印度婦女
  • Bhomakhawya = 波瑪之死
  • Siwaratrikalpa = 祭濕婆之夜(或作《盧甫達卡》,見梁立基 2003 p138-139)
  • Punokawan = (待考,哇揚戲的侍從人物)
  • Smaradahana = 愛神遭焚
  • Bharatayudha = 婆羅多大戰記
  • Hooykaas = 霍約卡斯(見梁立基 2003 p94-95)
    • 傳主評註爪哇文版《羅摩衍那》時認為,在語言上,爪哇文版《羅摩衍那》是上乘之作,平生看過的其他爪哇文學作品都無法媲美。

  • 許友年. 印尼华人马来语文学. 廣州市: 花城出版社. 1992-05. ISBN 7-5360-1154-7. 
    • 157頁
      • 楊眾生(按:不是「楊章生」;原名在互聯網時代之前就已經載入可靠來源,反之維基百科的譯名源於互聯網,信譽要打折)在1902年11月6日出生。關於這個人的出生地點,文化界提出了三種說法:郭約翰認為他在馬都拉島的邦卡蘭出生,趙雨水認為他在瑪琅出生,廖健裕認為他在泗水出生。
    • 158頁
      • 楊眾生的印尼名是Munzil Anwar。他曾經在中華會館學校讀書,小時候勤於寫作,多次為報刊投稿,曾與老師合著小說《人的生活》。他在1922年出任《海洋間半月刊》(後改稱《華僑半月刊》)的主編,又於1925年1月與林慶和等人合辦《生活》月刊,促進文藝創作,培育文壇新秀,至1942年日本佔領東印度群島為止。他還在1930年參與《自由月報》和《小說月報》的編務。這段期間他在《新報》發表系列小說《死床上的婚姻》(約1921年),並於《華報周刊》(1922年)和《自由月刊》(1928年創刊,他在這兒發表的作品既有短篇小說,也有偵探系列長篇小說)發表作品。
      • 楊眾生早年投身馬來劇團的活動,起初是在1921年參加泗水的「順天義戲劇團」,飾演配角,然後在1922年指導僑通夜報社的戲劇演出,並創作自己第一部劇本《燕梅小姐》。這部戲劇起用華族女演員,結果在《新報》引發了一場辯論。此外他還改良了馬來語戲劇的劇目、表演藝術,令馬來劇團更為趨時。他在1926年辭任《華僑半月刊》主編,並加入「莉布特小姐的奧麗安劇團」。他和在亞齊出生,在巴達維亞長大……
    • 159頁面
      • 的陳金娘(藝名楊菲菲)結婚,然後在1931年離開「莉布特小姐的奧麗安劇團」,加入「格里斯達爾弗里斯」歌舞團(按:我認為譯作「水晶塔」歌舞團會合適得多),在新加坡(按:等地)巡迴演出,陳金娘也在這個劇團初試啼聲。他為水晶塔歌舞團創作的劇本包括《爪哇小夜曲》、《遠離寬恕》、《開小差》、《蛋黃朝上的煎蛋》(按:也許可以譯作《太陽蛋》?)等,比較適合馬來亞觀眾的口味。
      • 楊眾生在1934年離開水晶塔歌舞團,本來他打算在巴東成立一個新劇團,卻沒有成功。然後他和妻子加入「達爾達內拉」劇團,在遠東各地巡迴演出;劇團到歐洲演出的時候他們卻留在印尼,並成立「楊菲菲之塔」劇團,編寫迎合知識分子口味的劇作。他最著名的劇作是《帶刺的玫瑰》和《紅橋》。
    • 159=160頁
      • 1945年印尼獨立後,楊眾生成立「五彩劇團」,繼續創作出《蘇查達》、《百合子,再見!》、《瑪琅米克農》等劇作,頗受歡迎,多次上演。不過這段時期他的婚姻生活並不穩定:他首先跟陳金娘離婚,另娶米比·馬連加,不過後來又離婚了,經過一段時間之後,他和自己第四任妻子黃蓮娘選擇在瑪琅定居,並在當地逝世。
      • 楊眾生曾以劇團成員的身份周遊遠東各地,親歷舊社會,特別是藝壇的辛酸事蹟,同時把各地的風土人情當作自己的寫作素材。法國學者蘇爾夢指出當時的作家可以接二連三、駕輕就熟地創作出描寫本土、中國、國外社會的作品,楊眾生就是表表者。郭約翰認為他一生坎坷的遭遇和感情經歷令他的作品深刻有力,扣人心弦。

人際溝通中,我訊息我陳述是說話者對個人感受、信念、價值觀等方面的斷言,一般的表達形式是以「我」開頭的句子。與之相對的是你訊息或你陳述,這種斷言通常以「你」開頭,把重點放在對方。這個概念由美國心理學家托馬斯·戈登英語Thomas Gordon (psychologist)在對兒童採取遊戲療法的時候發明,並收錄在他為家長撰寫的書籍《父母效能訓練》(P.E.T.: Parent Effectiveness Training,1970年)[1]:xii[2]。使用我訊息的動機通常是令自己的話語更有主張英語Assertiveness,避免以指控激起對方的防衛心理,同時承擔造成感受的原因,而不是暗示其他人造成。[3]

我訊息也可以用於constructive criticism,例如有人說「這文章我讀了三遍才能明白」,而不是「這段文字寫得很令人困擾」,或者「你要學習一下怎樣遣詞造句才叫清晰。」第一句。The former comment leaves open the possibility that the fault lies with the giver of the criticism. According to the Conflict Resolution Network, I-statements are a dispute resolution conversation opener that can be used to state how one sees things and how one would like things to be, without using inflaming language[4]

研究

[編輯]

香港一項關於兒童對母親各項訊息的反應的研究發現,兒童最能接受的話語是表達內心困擾的我訊息,最反感的是帶有批評意味的你訊息[5]:8。另一項以大學生為對象的研究則發現,說話者表達負面情緒時,無論是使用我訊息或你訊息,大學生的情緒反應都沒有差別,不過說話者表達正面情緒時,如果使用你訊息肯定對方,對方會更能接受[6]:26

一項收集青少年的報告,評估他們在情緒上對我訊息和你訊息有何反應的研究發現,語帶指責的你訊息會激起更強烈的憤怒情緒,與描述自我的我訊息相比,也更容易引致帶有對抗意味的反應[7]

參見

[編輯]

參考資料

[編輯]
  1. ^ Gordon, Thomas; Edwards, W. Sterling. Making the patient your partner: Communication Skills for Doctors and Other Caregivers (Edition of 1997). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1995. ISBN 978-0-86569-255-8. 
  2. ^ Gordon, Thomas. Origins of the Gordon Model. Solana Beach, California: Gordon Training International. [2012-01-17]. 
  3. ^ "I" Statements not "You" Statements, International Online Training Program On Intractable Conflict, Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, USA
  4. ^ When to Use "I" Statements from 12 Skills: 4. Appropriate Assertiveness. Conflict Resolution Network. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  5. ^ Cheung, Siu Kau; Kwok, Sylvia Y.C. How do Hong Kong children react to maternal I-messages and inductive reasoning?需要付費訂閱. The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work. 2003, 37 (11): 3-14 [2008-08-23]. doi:10.1142/S0219246203000020. 
  6. ^ Bippus, Amy M.; Young, Stacy L. Owning Your Emotions: Reactions to Expressions of Self- versus Other-Attributed Positive and Negative Emotions. Journal of Applied Communication Research (National Communication Association, Taylor & Francis). 2005, 33 (1): 26–45 [2008-08-23]. doi:10.1080/0090988042000318503. 
  7. ^ Kubany, E. S.; Richard, D. C.; Bauer, G. B.; Muraoka, M. Y. Verbalized Anger and Accusatory "You" Messages as Cues for Anger and Antagonism among Adolescents. Adolescence (Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra Publishers). 1992, 27 (107): 505-516. 


備用

[編輯]
  • Someone asked when I promoted the Chinese version of Layar Terkembang to the DYK queue that if the novel is ever translated into English. Since you're not here, I have to reply by myself in this way: "What I find on the Internet is that there are no English translations of this novel. The National Library of Australia shown in its OPAC that there was one, but if my memory serves me no wrong, Balai Pustaka is not type of an agency which translated important works in Indonesian literature into English. Lontar Foundation, on the other side, do handle such works, but their website shows that they translated none of the works written by Alisjahbana. Also, if the OPAC is correct, why didn't Mahayana, Sofyan & Dian (2007) mentioned it? That justified my doubt." .
  • While writing the Chinese version of the article Jalan Tak Ada Ujung, I found that the reception part is way too short if compared to other Indonesian literary works I introduced in zhwp before. I am not in the US, EU states, Australia or Indonesia, so can't do much to access Teeuw (1980), and therefore another local source with a similar scope. It would be nice if such sources can be made available for enhancement of the article.